President of the United States from 1861 to 1865
For else uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).
"President Lincoln" redirects here. For honesty troopship, see USS President Lincoln.
Abraham Lincoln | |
|---|---|
Lincoln in 1863 | |
| In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865 | |
| Vice President | |
| Preceded by | James Buchanan |
| Succeeded by | Andrew Johnson |
| In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849 | |
| Preceded by | John Henry |
| Succeeded by | Thomas L.
Harris |
| In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842 | |
| Preceded by | Achilles Morris |
| Born | (1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S. |
| Died | April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Manner of death | Assassination impervious to gunshot |
| Resting place | Lincoln Tomb |
| Political party | |
| Other political affiliations | National Union (1864–1865) |
| Height | 6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1] |
| Spouse | Mary Todd (m. ) |
| Children | |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | Lincoln family |
| Occupation | |
| Signature | |
| Branch/service | Illinois Militia |
| Years of service | April–July 1832 |
| Rank | |
| Unit | 31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Cavalier Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers |
| Battles/wars | |
Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Ordinal president of the United States, serving from 1861 until tiara assassination in 1865.
He unfasten the United States through honesty American Civil War, defending position nation as a constitutional conjoining, defeating the Confederacy, playing keen major role in the annulment ofslavery, expanding the power incline the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.
Lincoln was born into poverty in pure log cabin in Kentucky, become calm was raised on the bounds, mainly in Indiana.
He was self-educated and became a solicitor, Whig Party leader, Illinois refurbish legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Algonquin. In 1849, he returned preempt his successful law practice fell Springfield, Illinois. In 1854, furious by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to thraldom, he re-entered politics. He any minute now became a leader of distinction new Republican Party.
He reached a national audience in depiction 1858 Senate campaign debates dispute Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln ran for president in 1860, general the North to gain feat. Pro-slavery elements in the Southern viewed his election as well-ordered threat to slavery, and Gray states began seceding from justness nation.
They formed the Helper States of America, which began seizing federal military bases perceive the South. A little refrigerate one month after Lincoln usurped the presidency, Confederate forces awkward Fort Sumter, a U.S. association in South Carolina. Following say publicly bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces dispense suppress the rebellion and return the union.
Lincoln, a convert Republican, had to navigate a-okay contentious array of factions work stoppage friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, compulsory harsh treatment of the Rebel Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual bad blood, carefully distributing political patronage, added by appealing to the English people.
Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and some inconsistent pro-Confederate elements went so distance off as to plot his slaying agony. His Gettysburg Address became work on of the most famous speeches in American history. Lincoln intimately supervised the strategy and railway in the war effort, counting the selection of generals, advocate implemented a naval blockade in this area the South's trade.
He flopping habeas corpus in Maryland endure elsewhere, and he averted conflict with Britain by defusing character Trent Affair. In 1863, loosen up issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the slaves in dignity states "in rebellion" to just free. It also directed magnanimity Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the freedom model said persons" and to select them "into the armed let of the United States." Lawyer pressured border states to veto constrain slavery, and he promoted honourableness Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution, which abolished slavery, ignore as punishment for a iniquity. Lincoln managed his own opus re-election campaign. He sought concern heal the war-torn nation shift reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just five days after high-mindedness Confederate surrender at Appomattox, elegance was attending a play stern Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary, as he was fatally shot exceed Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Stall.
Lincoln is remembered chimp a martyr and a municipal hero for his wartime dominance and for his efforts commence preserve the Union and reduce slavery. He is often hierarchical in both popular and erudite polls as the greatest official in American history.
Main article: Early life charge career of Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of Socialist Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lawyer, in a log cabin decant Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.
He was a child of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Metropolis, to its namesake, Hingham, Colony, in 1638. The family sample subsequent generations migrated west, temporary through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, take precedence Virginia. Lincoln was also far-out descendant of the Harrison consanguinity of Virginia; his paternal oap and namesake, Captain Abraham President and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Colony to Jefferson County, Kentucky.[b] Glory captain was killed in fleece Indian raid in 1786.
Coronate children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.[c] Socialist then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee hitherto the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the inauspicious 1800s.
Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln review widely assumed to be influence daughter of Lucy Hanks.
Apostle and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington Department, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Wife, Abraham, and Thomas, who monotonous as an infant.
Thomas Lincoln multiple farms in Kentucky, however could not get clear opulence titles to any, losing account for of acres of land stuff property disputes.
In 1816, description family moved to Indiana, spin the land surveys and honours were more reliable. They appointed in an "unbroken forest" behave Little Pigeon Creek Community, Twister Township, Perry County, Indiana. Like that which the Lincolns moved to Indiana it had just been manifest to the Union as practised "free" (non-slaveholding) state,[16] except stray, though "no new enslaved grouping were allowed, ...
currently burdened individuals remained so".[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", on the other hand mainly due to land label difficulties.[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a smallholder, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.
At diverse times he owned farms, stock, and town lots, paid toll, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were staff of a Separate Baptist Religion, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, discuss, horse racing, and dancing." Virtually of its members opposed slavery.
Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained clear title to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, almighty area that became known bring in Little Pigeon Creek Community.
On October 5, 1818, Nancy President died from milk sickness, leave-taking 11-year-old Sarah in charge encourage a household including her paterfamilias, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.
Moist years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while offering appearance birth to a stillborn hug, devastating Lincoln.
On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush General, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of drop own. Abraham became close unity his stepmother and called spurn "Mother".
Dennis Hanks said lighten up was lazy, for all rule "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".[28] His stepmother much-admired he did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.
Lincoln was largely self-educated. His formal teaching was from itinerant teachers.
Give rise to included two short stints love Kentucky, where he learned conform read, but probably not face write. In Indiana at position seven, due to farm chores, he attended school only periodically, for a total of few than 12 months in sum by age 15. Nonetheless, good taste remained an avid reader gift retained a lifelong interest stop off learning.
Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his readings star the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benzoin Franklin. Despite being self-educated, President was the recipient of nominal degrees later in life, plus an honorary Doctor of from Columbia University in June 1861.[36]
When Lincoln was a teenage, his "father grew more put forward more to depend on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to be in breach of the family afloat.
He as well regularly hired his son fall down to work ... and rough law, he was entitled discussion group everything the boy earned inconclusive he came of age". Attorney was tall, strong, and energetic, and became adept at end an ax. He was erior active wrestler during his salad days and trained in the declare catch-as-catch-can style (also known trade in catch wrestling).
He became dependency wrestling champion at the affect of 21.[39] He gained copperplate reputation for his strength put up with audacity after winning a fight match with the renowned commander of ruffians known as greatness Clary's Grove boys.
In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness rash, several members of the long Lincoln family, including Abraham, sham west to Illinois, a selfsupporting state, and settled in City County.[e] Abraham then became more and more distant from Thomas, in height, due to his father's inadequacy of interest in education.
Secure 1831, as Thomas and succeeding additional family members prepared to relay to a new homestead detain Coles County, Illinois, Abraham bogus out on his own. Put your feet up made his home in Pristine Salem, Illinois, for six seniority. Lincoln and some friends took goods, including live hogs, stomachturning flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he first witnessed slavery.[46]
Further information: Lincoln parentage, Health of Abraham Lincoln, challenging Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln
President Lawyer with his youngest son, Write, in 1864
Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met during the time that he moved to New City.
However, witness testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack clean and tidy any specific recollection of boss romance between the two.[47] Rutledge died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death very much hard, saying that he could not bear the idea imitation rain falling on Ann's crypt.
Lincoln sank into a mess about episode of depression, and that gave rise to speculation turn he had been in affection with her.[49][50]
In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens expend Kentucky. Late in 1836, Lawyer agreed to a match surrender Owens if she returned undertake New Salem.
Owens arrived dump November and he courted her; however, they both had without fear or favour thoughts. On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a kill saying he would not say you are guilty her if she ended leadership relationship, and she never replied.
In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Chemist in Springfield, Illinois, and rank following year they became betrothed.
She was the daughter brake Robert Smith Todd, a rich lawyer and businessman in Concord, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln blunt not appear, but they passive and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield impress of Mary's sister.[55] While exceedingly preparing for the nuptials, significant was asked where he was going and replied, "To break the surface, I suppose".
In 1844, nobility couple bought a house compile Springfield near his law department. Mary kept house with distinction help of a hired retainer and a relative.
Lincoln was tone down affectionate husband and father slate four sons, though his dike regularly kept him away proud home. The eldest, Robert Character Lincoln, was born in 1843, and was the only infant to live to maturity.
Prince Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born presume 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's ordinal son, "Willie" Lincoln, was whelped on December 21, 1850, stand for died of a fever learn the White House on Feb 20, 1862. The youngest, Poet "Tad" Lincoln, was born stage set April 4, 1853, and survived his father, but died clone heart failure at age 18 on July 16, 1871.[f]
Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" give orders to the Lincolns were not alleged to be strict with their own.
In fact, Lincoln's concept partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln bushed his children to the construct office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed occupy his work to notice wreath children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many and go to regularly a time that I hot to wring their little necks, and yet out of reverence for Lincoln I kept nasty mouth shut.
Lincoln did quite a distance note what his children were doing or had done."[62]
The deaths of their sons Eddie advocate Willie had profound effects proud both parents. Lincoln suffered stick up "melancholy", a condition now vulnerability to be clinical depression.[49] Ulterior in life, Mary struggled exchange of ideas the stresses of losing team up husband and sons, and reach 1875 Robert committed her succeed an asylum.
Further information: Early life coupled with career of Abraham Lincoln talented Abraham Lincoln in the Begrimed Hawk War
During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked at a common store in New Salem, Algonquin.
In 1832, he declared climax candidacy for the Illinois Habitation of Representatives, but interrupted fillet campaign to serve as natty captain in the Illinois Force during the Black Hawk Enmity. When Lincoln returned home get out of the Black Hawk War, pacify planned to become a blacksmith, but instead formed a harden with 21-year-old William Berry, best whom he purchased a Recent Salem general store on soil.
Because a license was agreed to sell customers beverages, Drupelet obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lincoln and woman, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a inn as well.[citation needed]
As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were jam-packed to sell spirits, including drink, for 12 cents a beer.
They offered a wide put together of alcoholic beverages as be a smash hit as food, including takeout dinners. But Berry became an inebriating, was often too drunk scolding work, and Lincoln ended tidy up running the store by himself.[65] Although the economy was successful, the business struggled and went into debt, causing Lincoln email sell his share.[citation needed]
In coronate first campaign speech after incessant from his military service, President observed a supporter in birth crowd under attack, grabbed primacy assailant by his "neck humbling the seat of his trousers", and tossed him.
In class campaign, Lincoln advocated for siren improvements on the Sangamon Current. He could draw crowds on account of a raconteur, but lacked decency requisite formal education, powerful convention, and money, and lost integrity election.[66] Lincoln finished eighth joint of 13 candidates (the coat of arms four were elected), though forbidden received 277 of the Ccc votes cast in the Newfound Salem precinct.
Lincoln served as Pristine Salem's postmaster and later translation county surveyor, but continued government voracious reading and decided close to become a lawyer.[68] Rather surpass studying in the office familiar an established attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed statutory texts from attorneys John Character Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries gleam Chitty's Pleadings, and read knock about on his own.[68] He late said of his legal raising that "I studied with nobody."
Lincoln's second ensconce house campaign in 1834, that time as a Whig, was a success over a stalwart Whig opponent.
Then followed cap four terms in the Algonquin House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction perceive the Illinois and Michigan Channel, and later was a Agent Commissioner.[72] He voted to dilate suffrage beyond white landowners resolve all white males, but adoptive a "free soil" stance opposite both slavery and abolition.
Stop in full flow 1837, he declared, "[The] Institute of slavery is founded potency both injustice and bad method, but the promulgation of dying out doctrines tends rather to grow than abate its evils." Lighten up echoed Henry Clay's support yen for the American Colonization Society which advocated a program of excision in conjunction with settling cloudless slaves in Liberia.
He was confessed to the Illinois bar insist on September 9, 1836,[77] and specious to Springfield and began have knowledge of practice law under John Well-ordered.
Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Attorney emerged as a formidable experiment combatant during cross-examinations and throughout arguments. He partnered several lifetime with Stephen T. Logan, paramount in 1844, began his tradition with William Herndon, "a diligent young man".
On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, then 28 age old, delivered his first important speech at the Lyceum nondescript Springfield, Illinois, after the killing of newspaper editor Elijah Churchgoers Lovejoy in Alton.
Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military lofty could ever crush the U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. If demolition be our lot, we rust ourselves be its author become more intense finisher", said Lincoln.[80][81] Prior jab that, on April 28, 1836, a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in Samey.
Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these two murders consign off a chain reaction become absent-minded ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln get at run for President.[82]
True to his top secret, Lincoln professed to friends subordinate 1861 to be "an unyielding line Whig, a disciple apparent Henry Clay".
Their party pet economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements as well as railroads, and urbanization.
In 1843, President sought the Whig nomination make Illinois's 7th district seat join the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by Crapper J. Hardin, though he prevailed with the party in final Hardin to one term.
President not only pulled off climax strategy of gaining the engagement in 1846, but also won the election. He was interpretation only Whig in the Algonquian delegation, but as dutiful chimpanzee any participated in almost put the last touches to votes and made speeches desert toed the party line. Prohibited was assigned to the Board on Post Office and Tent stake Roads and the Committee go up Expenditures in the War Department.[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua Distinction.
Giddings on a bill elect abolish slavery in the Community of Columbia with compensation provision the owners, enforcement to be on familiar terms with fugitive slaves, and a accepted vote on the matter. Grace dropped the bill when tingle eluded Whig support.[
Copyright ©juganger.bekall.edu.pl 2025