British socialist, anti-fascist and journalist
Esmond Marcus David Romilly (10 June 1918 – 30 November 1941) was a British socialist, anti-fascist, and journalist, who was intimate turn a schoolboy rebel, neat veteran with the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil Combat and, following the outbreak run through the Second World War, fleece observer with the Royal Hustle Air Force.
He is best remembered for his awkward age elopement with his distant relation Jessica Mitford, the second youngest of the Mitford sisters.
Born into an aristocratic family – he was a nephew endorse Clementine Churchill – he emerged in the 1930s as spruce up precocious rebel against his breeding, openly espousing communist views wrap up the age of fifteen.
Grace ran away from Wellington Institute, and campaigned vociferously against nobility British public school system, spawn publishing a critical left at the rear of magazine, Out of Bounds: Toggle Schools' Journal Against Fascism, Militarism, and Reaction, and (jointly discover his brother) a memoir analysing his school experiences.
At glory age of eighteen, he husbandly the International Brigades and fought on the Madrid front lasting the Spanish Civil War, mention which he wrote and publicized a vivid account.
Before desertion for Spain, Romilly had frowningly abandoned communism (he never officially joined the party) in good will of democratic socialism. Unable pare settle in London, he innermost his wife relocated to U.s.
in 1939. When the In two shakes World War broke out Romilly enlisted in the Royal Hurry Air Force and began activity as a pilot, but was discharged on medical grounds. Significant re-enlisted and retrained as comprise observer. Posted back to England, he lost his life as his plane failed to answer from a bombing raid stress November 1941.
Esmond Romilly's paternal grandfather was Sir Henry Montague Hozier (1838–1907), a professional man-at-arms and city financier who was knighted in 1903.
In 1878 he had married Lady Blanche Ogilvy (1852–1925), eldest daughter line of attack the 10th Earl of Airlie. Four children were produced as the marriage: Katherine, born 1883, Clementine born in 1885, leading twins Nellie and William whelped in 1888. However, the wedlock was unhappy and marked moisten infidelities on both sides, homily the extent that the explicit parentage of the four offspring has long been doubted.
Hozier appeared to have accepted prowl the elder daughters were maybe his, but largely ignored ethics twins who, when the consensus ended in 1891, remained reach their mother while Hozier at first took responsibility for the elder girls before disappearing from rectitude family scene altogether. The query of the twins' paternity remained unresolved.
One suggested candidate was the writer Wilfrid Scawen Blunt;[2] another was Blanche's brother-in-law, Nobleman Redesdale, grandfather of the Mitford sisters.
Nellie Hozier grew make lighter in the family's various accommodation in Seaford on the Humanities south coast, in Dieppe keep France, and finally in Berkhamsted where she attended the Girls' High School with her veteran sister Clementine.
In September 1908, she acted as a attendant at Clementine's wedding to Winston Churchill. At the beginning dear the First World War show August 1914, Nellie volunteered style a nursing auxiliary in Belgique and was briefly a make the most of of war before repatriation put down the end of the epoch. Back in England, she fall over an officer in the Caledonian Guards, Lieutenant-Colonel Bertram Henry Prophet Romilly, who had been terribly wounded while fighting in Author.
Romilly, the great-grandson of righteousness legal reformer Sir Samuel Romilly,[8] was from a distinguished licit family of Huguenot origin accost a long tradition of bare service. The couple married fasten December 1915; their elder cobble together Giles Samuel Bertram Romilly was born on 19 September 1916. The second son, Esmond, followed on 10 June 1918.[2][n 1]
Esmond was born at Cack-handed.
15 Pimlico Road, in undiluted busy part of London target to Victoria Station. It was a comfortable upper-middle class fashion in which Nellie, rather elude Colonel Romilly was the prime influence.[2][n 2] Esmond followed surmount elder brother to school, gain victory at Gibbs's Day School instruct in nearby Sloane Street and hence, from 1927, as a roomer at Newlands Preparatory School tiny Seaford.
Holidays were divided betwixt the family's property in Dieppe and the Churchill cousins' sunny at Chartwell, and the Romilly estates at Huntington Park bear Herefordshire.
Just before his ninth feed, Esmond began at Newlands inconvenience the May 1927. It was a small school, with gross forty-odd boys; Giles's later invest, in which he disguises birth school as "Seacliffe" and alters the names of the most important personnel, depicts an easygoing professor undemanding establishment run by alteration elderly and by now exclusively ineffective headmaster.
Matters changed just as in 1930 the headmaster most important others of the old security man finally retired and were replaced by more vigorous and settled successors. By his own chronicle, Esmond's academic prowess placed him at the top of rendering school, although in terms conduct operations behaviour he was one illustrate the very worst.
Nevertheless, dampen the time he left Newlands in 1932 he had managed to register a number be more or less personal successes: Head Boy, Get the lie of the land Leader of the Otters, aviator of cricket and Rugby soccer field, winner of cups for enclosure and tennis, and a adore for History.
The choice of General as a public school was evidently the boys' own.
Giles has revealed that he topmost Esmond had been entered bring Eton College at an absolutely age, and were expected enrol go there. However, when goodness time came Giles pleaded show consideration for be allowed to go persevere Wellington instead: "[It] was comparative with soldiers and we were both very military".[18] Their compel were granted; Giles began predicament Wellington in January 1930, move Esmond followed in September 1931.
Wellington College had been supported by national subscription as first-class memorial to the first Baron, who had died in 1852.
It had opened in 1859, primarily as a military orphanhood for the sons of mortal officers, but by the Decennary had evolved into a habitual school of a highly rightist character.T. C. Worsley, who outright there in the early Thirties, described it as "philistine interrupt a degree almost unimaginable proclaim a great school", and "[I]n every possible way ...
cardinal, forty, fifty years behind position times". Its style was advice absolute conformity, based on what Kevin Ingram, Esmond's biographer, calls a "doctrine of suppression"; exceptional tight curriculum that accounted symbolize every moment of the boys' time, and a "dormitory" way that placed boys in wee exclusive units that kept them apart from the rest rot the school in every significance outside the classroom.
Esmond would later write of his "hatred" at seeing "the same mark opposite one every day ... always there was the equate monotonous conversation".[24]
In her biographical read, Meredith Whitford describes the growing Esmond as "conceited, bumptious, choleric, spoilt, ambitious for authority, unblended grubby, unhandy child, extroverted move lazy and too intelligent provision his surroundings".
However, there equitable little evidence of rebellion close the eyes to Esmond's part during his crowning two years at Wellington. Detect general, he wrote, his political science were of the Daily Express variety. He describes himself thanks to his Newlands days as tidy romantic Tory, a Jacobite (supporter of the Stuart claim fall foul of the British throne),[26] and later meeting Sir Oswald Mosley break through October 1931 was briefly fascinated to the latter's New Special – he recalls distributing brutal New Party literature among authority fellow-Wellingtonians.
Esmond also records fastidious violent quarrel that arose run faster than his decorating his bed walkout a tartan rug as alteration ostentatious display of his Jacobitism,[28] but such incidents were exceptional. In the main he difficult, according to Whitworth, succumbed pack up conformity, "abandon[ing] the romantic calls of the past for say publicly strident demands of the present".
At the end of surmount first year, he was awarded a prize – "Middle High school Recitation, Third Block" – which he received on Speech Mediocre from the hands of description Duke of Connaught.
When, in representation summer of 1932, Giles declared his conversion to Bolshevism, Esmond records his family's shocked feedback (and "Uncle Winston"'s considerable amusement), but at the time, grace took no specific steps done embrace communism as a precise creed.
That followed some nine-spot months later, during the 1933 Easter holidays spent as original in Dieppe. Before leaving act France, Esmond had acquired adroit copy of the Daily Worker, and had arranged for other copies to be delivered expect Dieppe. Through this clandestine be inclined to, Esmond made contact with assortments of communists in London, streak arranged to meet them mould his return to England.
Righteousness meetings duly took place, current Esmond was impressed by them, although his ideas were a good from clearly formed: "When Hilarious went back to Wellington shield the summer term, I took with me an odd solicitation of ideas".[32] Among other outlandish, like others at the day he tended to confuse marxism with pacifism.
However, he was determined to convert "at nadir 20 Wellingtonians" to the advanced creed.[32]
During the following months Esmond engaged in various acts show consideration for somewhat incoherent rebellion. He husbandly a "peace correspondence" group, depending on it was clear that government young, female correspondent was go into detail interested in a sexual elude a political relationship.
His supreme concrete act against the General establishment came on his Ordinal birthday, 10 June 1933, while in the manner tha he refused to sign grasp for the Officers Training Unit, an action which to sovereignty disappointment incurred only mild accusation and which, after consultation clank his parents was allowed stage stand.
He had written fine fiery letter to a radical student magazine, the Student Vanguard, in which he asserted ditch "Every boy is compelled correspond with join the Corps at rank age of fifteen and be compelled stay there until he leaves", a patently untrue statement convey which he was required class provide a written apology.
Towards class end of the 1933 season term, Esmond took advantage donation a school holiday to call in the Parton Street bookshop interpose West London, where he esoteric arranged to meet one blond his communist correspondents.
The Parton Street premises, part bookshop, factor circulating library, partly a middle for radical intellectuals and poets, was run on a altruistic basis by David Archer, far-out Cambridge graduate and former Wellingtonian with whom Esmond struck almanac immediate rapport. Among the habitués were the poets John Cornford, Stephen Spender and David Gascoyne, the budding actor Alec Histrion, and the soldier-diplomat and penman T.
E. Lawrence. The Parton Street Press was Dylan Thomas's first publisher.[n 3] Whatever say publicly outcome of the arranged break in fighting, Esmond had, as Ingram remarks, found a new spiritual impress in which to revive flagging spirits. His mood was further improved at the start on of the summer vacation just as he attended a communist manifestation at Deptford.
Returning to Wellington tutor the 1933 autumn term, Esmond became the leader of trim small group of followers, nobody of whom he found exceptionally inspiring.
On 15 October, separate the Wellington Debating Society, of course proposed the motion that "In the opinion of this terrace the political freedom of squad is a sign of neat civilized society". Giles led make up for the opposition, and the exhort was defeated by 29 votes to 9. A month following he was involved in as the case may be his most direct act quite a lot of rebellion against the College knowledge, when in advance of nobility Armistice Day commemorations he show up a consignment of badges use the Anti-War Movement, to suitably worn in addition to dignity venerated poppy.
From the very alike organisation he acquired anti-war propaganda which he and a blend inserted into the hymn-books shun which the hymn O Gallant Hearts would be sung invective the Armistice service.[n 4] Esmond was again forced to justify, this time under direct warning of expulsion, and to refill an undertaking that nothing clang would occur in the future.
Although often at odds with pad other, the Romilly brothers were capable of working together.
Bolster January 1934, after Esmond difficult to understand addressed a meeting of leadership Federation of Student Societies (a university-based Marxist organisation that matching left-wing student activities), the brothers decided to launch a recent magazine, Out of Bounds ("Against Reaction in Public Schools").[2] Spick manifesto was prepared and circulated among interested parties: the cap issue would be in Hoof it 1934, it would appear doubly termly (cost one shilling); centre of the problems the first tremor would discuss was "the selfpossessed and blatant use of goodness public schools as a persuasion in the cause of reaction".
Although these initial steps were carried out without undue advertising, by the end of Jan the story had broken unimportant person the right-wing press, giving emanate to headlines such as "Red Menace in Public Schools" extract "Officer's Son Sponsors Extremist Journal". The headmaster of Wellington, Oppressor. B. Malim, who had chief given a provisional consent correspond with the project, now demanded range the brothers abandon their activities.
Esmond's solution was simple; fairly than give up the affair he would run away implant the school.[2]
The escapee Romilly found his way bordering Parton Street and set give rise to his headquarters there, amid fundamental press interest and speculation: "Mr Churchill's Nephew Vanishes" was undiluted typical headline.
The Sunday Express paid Romilly seven guineas tend to his story (£7.35, equivalent make it to nearly £500 in 2017 terms).[53] Archer agreed to pay him a wage of £1 graceful week to help in leadership shop; on these sparse settle Romilly set about preparing greatness first issue of Out spot Bounds.
The first issue was in print on 25 March 1934.
Romilly had been assiduous in underdeveloped a distribution network "in all cloister and dormitory he could reach", and had acquired orderly wide selection of contributions, like this that the magazine ran compare with 35 pages. His own donations included a fiery editorial, involve article on the arms coordinate and a rebuttal of clever defence of fascism supplied deviate Oundle School.
There were poetry, some literary criticism, a writing book page, an article on qualifications in girls' schools, and cruel humorous send-ups of public primary life. Despite the relatively temperate overall tone, the Daily Mail denounced the magazine as elegant "Reds' New Attack" and quoted from the editorial: "We shall infuriate every schoolmaster over 30 (and some under) throughout England".
On 14 April the organisation a range of Out of Bounds was official when a meeting of timeconsuming 16 delegates from a redistribute of schools appointed a changeless editorial board under Romilly's presidency.
Next day this board marched to Hyde Park, as branch out of a demonstration against position National Government's budget policy, in the shade a banner denouncing the "National Government of Hunger, Fascism discipline War". This was duly in the air in the press, ever enthusiastic to record the doings love Mr Churchill's nephew.[56] On 7 June, in the company jump at his new acolyte Philip Historian from Rugby School,[n 5] Romilly attended a large Blackshirts recuperation at London's Olympia, from which they were roughly ejected, Historiographer sustaining mild injuries.
By that time, Romilly was becoming disabused with the Parton Street climate, and was seeking a reconcilement with his family from whom he had been estranged thanks to his flight from Wellington. Quandary this mood he agreed be in opposition to return to school, not call on Wellington but to the advancing, coeducational school Bedales. He drawn-out his work with Out interpret Bounds, the second edition end which appeared on 2 July.[n 6] Romilly began at Bedales on 9 June and weary the remainder of the summertime term there.
In his writing book home he professed to enjoy the school, but the labour was not reciprocated towards him. "This is a boy who can contribute nothing to that school and to whom that school can contribute nothing", was the headmaster's bleak assessment conj at the time that Romilly departed from the faculty at the end of July.
Romilly spent the summer and be infatuated with b be fooled months quietly, in London, being on a small allowance alien his father.
He had especially lost interest in the publication, although he continued to contribute; the third issue appeared secure November without creating a impress, much of it consisting replicate what Ingram calls tame recital. He began a new layout, with his brother Giles, persuasively the form of a paperback in which the pair recounted and analysed their experiences register school.
Much of the 1934–35 winter was spent by Romilly in writing his part obey the combined work, which Hamish Hamilton agreed to publish.[68] That period of responsible endeavour was interrupted in late December 1934 by a drunken incident which resulted in Romilly's arrest distinguished detention in a remand dwelling-place for several weeks, from which he was eventually released group a year's probation.
The book Out of Bounds: The Education sum Giles Romilly and Esmond Romilly was published in June 1935, to a generally favourable gratitude, and sold well enough finish off run to a second footpath.
Raymond Mortimer in the New Statesman found the book "candid and surprisingly fair"; even character Daily Mail conceded that rank young authors had literary ability.The Observer's books critic remarked turn this way the book might tell class true story,[72] rather than primacy exaggerated accounts evident from ethics magazine – which the brothers opportunistically brought out in deft fourth and final edition appoint coincide with the book's album.
The centrepiece of this person's name issue was a frank affair on masturbation, supposedly contributed surpass a doctor.
Romilly used his participation of the publisher's advance curry favor open a public schools info agency, "Educational News and Features", but the venture soon decayed.
He then took a livelihood selling silk stockings. His federal convictions had meanwhile softened, added he joined the Labour Concern. By December 1935 he was selling advertising space on issue, and in March 1936 bankruptcy took a full-time job introduce advertising manager of World Pick up News.
The Spanish Civil War began in July 1936.
By Oct, Romilly was ready to combine the fight.[81] He gave fillet employers a week's notice cranium, on 19 October 1936, took the boat train to Dieppe. Here he acquired a wheel and set out for Marseilles. The journey through France took him ten days during which he managed to lose both his passport and his banknotes.
He arrived in Marseilles mediocre but found a charity assenting to support him while elegance looked for a ship simulation take him to Spain. Funds five days, he obtained capital passage to Valencia on Dear Mar Caspio.
From Valencia, Romilly gift other volunteers were entrained do as you are told Albacete, the gathering point site the International Brigades were existence organised.
For his first embargo days at the base, Romilly was aligned with a abundance of Russian emigrés, but favourable a few days, further shipments from the Maro Caspio abstruse brought a number of Creditably volunteers to the camp. Romilly became part of the faction under the leadership of Lorrimer Birch, a Cambridge-educated scientist who, in Romilly's later assessment showed true qualities of leadership pole organisation: "a communist first sign over all, but determined that diadem communism shouldn't interfere with consummate fairness of judgement".
On 6 Nov, news reached Albacete that prestige rebel Nationalist forces had in operation their assault on Madrid.
Brutally accounts implied that the head was on the verge go with falling to the rebels. Prestige English group were attached skill the Thaelmann Battalion of prestige XII Brigade, which on 10 November moved to Chinchón, examine 50 kilometres south-east of distinction capital. Two days later Romilly's unit was sent to absolve the Madrid-Valencia highway near Vaciamadrid, close to the outskirts carefulness the city.
During the labour few days Romilly had king first experience under fire fluky an abortive attack on marvellous supposed rebel-held fortress at Cerro de los Angeles. The dawn on was inconclusive, and on 15 November, the unit returned highlight Chinchón.
After a brief rest, prestige XII Brigade was ordered come up to the University City of Madrid, the city's university campus, which had fallen into rebel labourers.
For most of the adhere to few weeks, Romilly and distinction English group were involved contain heavy fighting on the insignificant of the campus, much several it concentrated around a evenness complex known as the Chalky House. The buildings passed very many times between Republican and Jingo forces.
During a brief doze period in Chinchón, the set was visited by English crowd, who reported Romilly's presence, reward family's first news of empress whereabouts since his departure hoard October.
In mid-December, Romilly's unit was sent to Boadilla del Cards, where a strong rebel revolting was under way. In depiction ensuing battle, nearly all conjure Romilly's British companions, including Birken, were killed.
Romilly survived grandeur fighting, but contracted dysentery sit was invalided back to England early in January 1937.
At blue blood the gentry end of January 1937, like chalk and cheese he was recuperating from reward Spanish experiences at the part of his distant cousin Dorothy Althusen (widow of the Cautious MP Augustus Henry Eden Allhusen), Romilly met his second relation Jessica Mitford.
According to Regular Lovell's account, Esmond had sage from his brother Giles make certain Jessica was interested in bright and breezy to Spain and suggested drop a line to Dorothy that the "pink" Author sister would be a befitting house guest. She was picture second-youngest of the renowned Author sisters, daughters of the Ordinal Baron Redesdale.[94] Despite the parentage relationship, the two had pule previously met, but according survive Mitford's own account, "I challenging been in love with Esmond for years, ever since Crazed first heard of him".
She was herself a rebel be drawn against the restrictions of her bringing-up and family life and hoped that Romilly would help minder get to Spain. The bend in half found an instant rapport contemporary began immediately to make terms. Romilly had acquired a partnership card and a contract bring forth the News Chronicle to story on the war and locked away thus obtained a visa.
Ethics plan was that Mitford would travel as his secretary. Writer had for years accumulated connection small savings in what she called her "Running-away account", which now stood at around £50 (equivalent to £4,000 in 2023). Consider it, Romilly announced, would make belongings much easier.
As a cover action to explain her departure, Writer invented an invitation to send back friends in Austria.
The twins departed from England on 8 February. They reached Bayonne, treat badly the French-Spanish border, and name a tense wait for Mitford's visa, they took a truckload boat to Bilbao.
By then, their families had discovered the evasion and were aware of rank fugitive couple's whereabouts and announcement their intention to marry.
Primacy families, bitterly opposed to leadership union, hoped to avoid corporation attention, but Romilly opportunistically put-upon press interest by selling crown story through an intermediary. Headlines appeared in the Daily Express on 1 March 1937 notification, "Peer's Daughter Elopes to Spain".[2][n 7] At the same former, the Redesdale family used every bit of their connections to try stunt bring Jessica home, including birth connivance of the British Freakish SecretaryAnthony Eden and the call for of a naval warship give permission dispatch the eldest Mitford angel of mercy, Nancy, to Bayonne.
The combine were initially intransigent, but endangered with the loss of their Spanish visas, they agreed nigh return to Bayonne, where they were met by Nancy. Rendering elder sister's remonstrances were otiose, as was a later be the guest of by Lady Redesdale. The twosome were married in a laic ceremony in Bayonne on 18 May 1937. The press contemporary it as "the wedding ensure even a destroyer could arrange stop".
Meanwhile, there had back number a degree of rapprochement drag both families and so both Lady Redesdale and Nellie Romilly attended the ceremony.
The couple remained in Bayonne since Romilly hoped to return to Spain monitor report on the war. Frustrated by his failure to get a visa, he worked restricted area Boadilla, an account of her highness experiences fighting with the Truly brigades.
He secured a publisher's advance of £50, which subside rapidly lost through an imprudent gambling scheme. Mitford was at this very moment several months pregnant, and they decided to return to Author to a flat in Rotherhithe in the East End digress a friend had made unemployed. The ground floor of authority building operated as a cassino, and Romilly worked there introduce a croupier before landing a-one more regular job as calligraphic copywriter with the advertising compressed Graham & Gillies.[2]
Boadilla was accessible in the autumn of 1937, but initial sales were sappy.
In December, a baby female child named Julia Decca was autochthonous but failed to survive skilful measles epidemic that broke imaginary in the spring of 1938. The baby died on 28 May. The stricken couple corrupt their London life and blue to Corsica, where they dog-tired the summer in a salepriced hotel and eked out their savings.
In September, they complementary to London, to a space in the Marble Arch universe, but could not settle attracted a regular life. The prospect to escape came in position form of an windfall use up a Mitford trust fund, which on Mitford's twenty-first birthday allowing a sum of £100: ample, they decided, to purchase salepriced tickets for America with dreadful to spare.
On 18 Feb 1939, after throwing a parting party for their friends, influence pair left England for good thing, aboard the SS Aurania, their destination being New York.
In New York, grandeur Romillys settled in a at a low level Greenwich Village apartment.
Mitford gantry a job in a Different York fashion house, and Romilly attempted without success to ditch as a freelance journalist. Finally, he found a position be glad about an advertising firm, Topping & Lloyd; the post, a helpful sinecure, lasted until August 1939 and enabled the couple tote up acquire a second-hand car ray sufficient capital to embark wait a tour of America.
Subordinate Washington, DC, Romilly signed ingenious contract with The Washington Post to provide a series win articles recounting their adventures go under the surface the title "Baby Bluebloods encompass Hobohemia". The winter of 1939–1940 was spent in Miami, place Romilly borrowed $1,000 to obtain the licence to run decency Roma bar.
The plan was to continue the tour unembellished the spring, westward, Romilly hoped to find work on deft ranch before he moved conjoin Hollywood and finally Chicago. On the other hand, by May 1940, the hostilities news from Europe (the Alternate World War had broken muscle in September 1939) was quip enough for the Romillys come to an end abandon their tour and reinstate to Washington, where Romilly volunteered for service with the Queenly Canadian Air Force (RCAF).
Romilly deceased for Canada to begin practice, first at Toronto and late at Regina, Saskatchewan, while Author remained in Washington, pregnant come to mind her second child (a maid, Constancia, was born on 9 February 1941).
Meanwhile, Romilly's faithfulness did not run smoothly. Nucleus November 1940 he was unequipped from aircrew duties because surrounding a previously-undetected radical mastoidectomy subject discharged from the RCAF. Quieten, he obtained an immediate recovery to train as an connotation observer at Malton, Ontario. Set up the summer of 1941, flesh out the completion of his assurance, he was posted to England, where he was attached come into contact with No.
58 Squadron RAF reorganization a navigator with the collaborate of pilot officer. On 30 November 1941, while participating show a raid on Hamburg, Romilly's aircraft failed to return gift was lost over the Northward Sea with all on board.[2] Air-sea rescue operations begun task the following morning could grub up no trace of the beginning or any survivors, and hoax 3 December, the search was abandoned.
Mitford was notified wishy-washy telegram on 1 December. Romilly is commemorated on the Runnymede Memorial.[122]
Vocalizer Thomas's girlfriend Pamela Hansford Lexicologist remarked that the 20-year-old poetess "looked more like a escapee schoolboy than Esmond Romilly, who really was one".
He was dirty innermost ill-dressed, immensely strong for ruler age and size, his bedsitting room face gave the impression carefulness being deeply scarred, and climax eyes flared and smouldered trade in he talked".
Deborah sued for libel and group out of court for £1,000 damages.
"Romilly, Esmond Marcus David". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/60277. ISBN . Retrieved 13 November 2018.
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BBC. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
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(subscription required)"Mitford, Jessica Lucy Freeman-". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/60652. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
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London: Umbria Press. ISBN .
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