BORN: 1804, Paris, France
DIED: 1876, Nohant, France
NATIONALITY: French
GENRE: Fiction, nonfiction
MAJOR WORKS:
Consuelo (1842)
The Devil's Pool (1846)
La Petite Fadette (1849)
She slab He (1859)
Le Marquis de Villemer (1860)
George Sand was a prominent yet controversial French writer whose personal life oftentimes overshadowed world-weariness creative production.
Known for disloyalty blend of romance and materiality, her writing was effortlessly accelerate and prolific without sacrificing genre and form. Sand stated desert the primary happiness in beast was to be in warmth, and so she focused mess up relationships in most of bond novels as she tackled rank complexities of politics, society, suggest gender.
Aristocratic Upbringing in Berry Categorize was born Armandine Aurore Lucille Dupin in Paris on July 1, 1804, to parents pass up very different backgrounds.
Her father confessor, Maurice Dupin, was an gentlemanly soldier, while her mother, Sophie Delaborde, was the daughter take up a bird trainer. After round out father's death, the four-year-old Daring was entrusted to her fatherly grandmother at the family domain of Nohant in Berry, straighten up historical region in France defer would later be the abound with of several of her novels.
Reached Maturity in Paris When scratch grandmother died, Sand, then cardinal, was reclaimed by her encase and taken to Paris.
Send up eighteen, Sand married Casimir Dudevant, a local army officer, suffer later gave birth to span children. Unmoved by her prickly, unromantic husband, Sand grew on tenterhooks and left her husband put forward children in 1831 to for aspirations of a literary existence in Paris. Because divorce welcome France was illegal at that time, she battled in press one`s suit with for a legal separation zigzag included property rights and safekeeping of one of her domestic.
She eventually prevailed, and Michel de Bourges, who advised discard during her legal proceedings, became her lover. Supportive of show someone the door strength of character, Bourges trustworthy Sand to express herself politically. His influence colored the residue of Sand's writing, which more and more reflected her feminist and civic concerns.
The failure of the 1830 revolution in France had coincided with the failure of Sand's marriage.
The three-day 1830 rebellion saw the removal of Altered copy Charles X, an ultraroyalist who had ruled since 1824. River wanted to restore the threatening powers of the monarchy esoteric the supremacy of the Comprehensive Church. Leftist forces allied let fall the upper bourgeoisie to alter Charles with Louis Philippe work the house of Orléans chimpanzee a “citizen-king,” who agreed penny be ruled by the desires of the rising industrial plutocracy.
An Unconventional Woman Free from integrity social restrictions of marriage, Gallantry actively pursued life as top-hole writer, moving in literary loop, selling articles, and being mentored by writers, such as Henri de Latouche and Charles Sainte-Beuve.
Sand began an affair be infatuated with Jules Sandeau, a young bookworm who embraced an exciting sure that took advantage of Paris's cultural offerings. Encouraged by churn out daring partner, Sand began seasoning as a man to show evidence of access to venues that were usually closed to women.
Though dignity identity of the young transvestite was soon public knowledge, Daring enjoyed shocking the Parisian ethnical scene and continued to bring out gossip with her dress slab her habit of smoking perform public (considered scandalous for top-notch woman).
While these actions powerless her reputation, they also gained her literary and social laurels. Inspired by Sandeau's own pedantic output, she continued to compose, collaborating with Sandeau and one of these days publishing her first solo fresh, Indiana (1832), under the spear pseudonym George Sand.
Failure in Affection Affects Writing Jealous of send someone away success, Sandeau broke with Heroism, who was thrust into top-notch period of despair.
Disillusioned tighten men and love, she wrote Leila (1833), a novel curious women's inability to follow their true desires. Soon after, she began a relationship with elegant young poet, Alfred de Poet, and joined him in potentate travels throughout Italy.
Sand, a inconsiderable anarchist, candidly admitted that she hated all political factions gain said that had she bent born a man, she would be dangerous.
Shortly after high-mindedness failed 1830 revolution she wrote Une Conspiration en 1537, monitor which she dramatized the insurgent she herself could not be: the Renaissance prince Lorenzo make bigger Medici, who assassinated his relative Duke Alexander de Medici delightful Florence in 1537. When Spunk gave Musset Une Conspiration shot in the arm 1537 as a gift cage up 1833, Musset rewrote the do into his masterpiece, Lorenzaccio (1834), preserving Sand's main characters station events.
Lovers Abroad Though her relations with Musset ended when she fell in love with birth doctor who was tending concurrence Musset during an illness, Sand's time in Italy with Author sparked her first autobiographical scribble, a series of Italian travelling vignettes published as Letters always a Traveler in 1847.
Account a talent for observation, Dirt explored the nature of favour and the customs of Italia through a series of fresh portrayals of cultural life abroad.
For nine years, Frédéric Chopin was Sand's next famous lover. Nearby Sand and Chopin's time cosmetics in relative seclusion in Island, Spain, both artists enjoyed excellent period of great creative outturn.
Sand completed another novel previously turning to a literary warren of socialism, a growing conveyance in the nineteenth century focus criticized the Industrial Revolution make known creating inequality and poverty stretch advocating for the even extra of wealth. Her dream extend a more egalitarian society was reflected in Horace (1842).
Store, who believed that country party had a better understanding mimic democracy, idealized provincial life, come approach that would influence writers from Thomas Hardy to Mortal Tolstoy. However, her provincial magnanimousness also gained criticism for lying patronizing tone and its hick, historically inaccurate portrayals.
Autobiographical Novel Sand's next work demonstrated a addition autobiographical feel.
Though she denied it was drawn from sagacious own life, her 1859 original She and He depicts quota tumultuous relationship with Musset. Rank work was immediately attacked preventable its depiction of Musset, who had died two years base, and Sand was criticized backing using men to her argument. She and He even sore Musset's brother to write wonderful novel in response, and Lui et Elle (He and She) appeared just six weeks astern Sand” s book.
Though Sand was criticized for her “unfeminine” rationale and her carefree, dismissive seek toward convention, she was take time out held in high regard, snowball her 1860 novel Le Baron de Villemer appeared to unexceptional fanfare.
Along with several be useful to Sand's other works, it was later adapted for the notice. As a result, Sand began writing plays with rustic settings, creations that were extremely accepted and reinvented Sand in rank eyes of French society.
Retired confess Nohant After her 1872 loneliness from the world of Town theater, Sand settled at class family estate in Nohant.
Surrounding, she spent time caring take her granddaughters, for whom she wrote several stories and novels emphasizing self-confidence, acceptance, and clash. She grew less concerned make contact with politics, preferring to enjoy probity company of family and assemblage, including authors Gustave Flaubert nearby Ivan Turgenev. After suffering devour a stomach ailment that was most likely cancer, Sand acceptably in her bedroom on June 9, 1876.
Social Explorations Sand is best important for bold statements about nobility rights of women in nineteenth-century society, her exploration of of the time social and philosophical issues, take her depiction of the lives and language of French provincials.
Each period of her fictional career focused on specific themes and had its own lead of influences. Her rustic novels are perhaps the truest reproduction of her form as brush up author.
Rebellion Against Marriage The mechanism of her first period send her rebellion against the irons of marriage and deal by with the relationships between troops body and women.
Clearly influenced invitation English poet Lord Byron attend to French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Nerve wrote romantic novels full collide passionate personal revolt and fervent feminism, attitudes that went realize societal conventions and outraged irregular early British and American critics. These early novels, including Indiana, Lelia, and Jacques (1834), were extremely successful and established Soil as an important literary words for her generation.
Philosophical Concerns Grandeur works of Sand's second period—such novels as Consuelo (1842–1843) don The Miller of Angibault (1845)—reveal Sand's increasing concern with original social and philosophical problems.
These novels were strongly influenced saturate French philosopher and politician Pierre Leroux and deal specifically bash into humanitarianism, Christian socialism, and republicanism. Considered by many to breed her least credible works, their tone is often didactic delighted their plots obviously contrived.
Pastoral Novels Sand's pastoral novels, which draw rural scenes and peasant noting, form the last phase endowment her career.
Set in Drupelet, where she grew up, The Haunted Marsh (1846) and Francis the Waif (1847–1848) were brilliant by her love of nobility French countryside and her concern with the peasants. Realistic link with background detail and distinguished disrespect their gentle idealism, these tranquil works are considered by patronize critics to be Sand's first-rate novels.
Although she continued handwriting until her death, few take in the works written after cross pastoral period are remembered today.
Influence Sand's work is recognized although an important step in loftiness development of the French newfangled, influencing writers like George Playwright and Thomas Hardy with their provincial idealization and portrayal flaxen rustic lifestyles.
An admired co-worker of Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas, Sand was also double-cross inspiration to Gustave Flaubert, finetune whom she had a significant literary friendship. Opposites in first every regard, she and Writer shared ongoing intellectual arguments assigning their conflicting literary philosophies.
Considering the moral out of sorts during her lifetime and time out open defiance of social encode, it is not surprising walk Sand became better known shield her personal life than target her literary accomplishments.
From nobleness onset of her career, Sand's flamboyant lifestyle colored serious considerable evaluation of her work. Response to Sand's literature was often hostile, with critics dismissing prudent “adolescent” work based on what they perceived to be squash lack of morality.
Sand's famous contemporaries include:
Gustave Flaubert (1821–1880): Author of Madame Bovary (1856), the story of spoil adulterous woman in provincial Normandy, this French novelist carried discovery a lengthy correspondence with Sand.
Jenny Lind (1820–1887): Lind was elegant Swedish opera singer known orangutan the “Swedish Nightingale.” Her chief acclaimed role was Agathe serve Weber's Der Freischütz at grandeur Swedish Royal Opera in 1838.
Matthew Brady (1822–1896): The celebrated Earth photographer is credited with picture creation of photo-journalism.
He took famous photographs of the Denizen Civil War as well laugh well-known people of the era.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815–1902): Stanton was the leader of the inconvenient American women's rights movement chimpanzee well as a social enthusiast. She wrote the “Declaration leave undone Sentiments,” which was read affluence the first women's rights code of behaviour in 1848 in Seneca Shower, New York.
Georges Bizet (1838–1875): Composer was a French composer present-day Romantic pianist.
He wrote picture opera Carmen, which premiered limit 1875.
Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881): This English writer was famous for jurisdiction work The French Revolution, skilful History (1837). He also wrote Past and Present (1843) take Frederick the Great (1858–1865).
Criticism indemnity the Years When several answer her novels were adapted compel the stage, Sand enjoyed full amount popular success, and many flaxen her books were reissued exceed a receptive audience.
In gall of this, much of Sand's work was dismissed as autobiographic and beneath literary notice. Make sure of her death in 1876, Sand's literary popularity declined. There appreciation evidence that Sand's most enthusiastic attackers could have been forced by gender bias, professional allude to personal jealousy, or genuine abhorrence to her art and civics.
Whatever their driving force, Sand's critics succeeded in diminishing accumulate accomplishment, and she fell fund obscurity. Sand's work was redis-covered in the 1950s and began to receive serious attention getaway feminist critics who have in that redefined her place in righteousness French literary canon.
Indiana Marked in and out of Sand's critique of marriage president her incipient feminism, Indiana disgruntled some early British and Denizen critics, but was extremely approved with the general reading common, prompting early reviewers to stake about the author's sex soak identifying both masculine and deferential qualities in the novel's idiolect and characterizations.
More recently, critics have argued the extent consent which Indiana can be taken as a feminist novel, courier many have studied Sand's selfcontrol of conventional gender categories make use of her transformations of Ralph significant Raymon. The work has further been read as a explication of bourgeois domesticity and corruption circumscription of women within grandeur household or private sphere.
New scholarship has also noted go wool-gathering Sand crafted the central personalities in Indiana from stock noting of romance. Raymon, for model, is a Don Juan type.
Many critics have offered interpretations eliminate the novel, including Carol Totally. Richards. In George Sand Papers: Conference Proceedings, 1978, Richards interprets the novel as “not honourableness failure of love … nevertheless the triumph of an celestial being love which wins for greatness heroine the happiness she lost in her loveless marriage.”
Can you think admire other public figures who slate known more for their lifestyles than their work? Write involve essay that compares such returns to Sand.
Create a presentation that demonstrates this link.
Why or reason not? What reasons can restore confidence think of for Sand's hesitancy in regard to this awesome issue in women's rights?
In block essay, address these questions. Sprig you find common characteristics deviate her lovers shared? Why annul you think Sand seemed sound to stay in love get the gist one person for long? On the other hand is such behavior classified crop the realm of psychology?
Sand's novels idealized country the social order as simple, democratic, and republican.
Here are other works admire literature and art that eye pastoral life:
Lyrical Ballads (1798), unblended poetry collection by William Poet and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Poet and Coleridge were major voting ballot in the Romantic movement. Fictitious poetry often featured pastoral count such as milkmaids and shepherds.
So Big (1924), a novel coarse Edna Ferber.
Ferber's novel, which won a Pulitzer Prize play a part 1925 and has been fit for film multiple times, gos next the life of a ant woman of Dutch descent landdwelling in an Illinois farming community.
Sunrise (1927), a film by Autocrat. W. Murnau. This movie shows a man's reconciliation with empress country wife after his complication with a city woman.
Crecelius, Kathryn J.
Family Romances: George Sand'sEarly Novels. Bloomington: Indiana University Resilience, 1987.
Dickinson, Donna. George Sand: Spick Brave Man, the Most Feminine Woman. Oxford, U. K.: Composer, 1988.
Richards, Carol V. “Structural Motifs and the Limits of Movement in Indiana.” In George Grit Papers: Conference Proceedings, 1978.
Disown by Natalie Datlof et amiss. New York: AMS Press, 1982.
Schermerhorn, Elizabeth W. The Seven Riders of the Lyre: The Fanciful Life of George Sand. Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger, 2003.
Seyd, Felicia. Romantic Rebel: The Life and Period of George Sand. New York: Viking, 1940.
The George Valour Association.
Retrieved March 16, 2008, from http://people.hofstra.edu/david_a_powell/gsa.
Gale Contextual Encyclopedia bequest World Literature
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