SPULER, Bertold (b. Karlsruhe, Deutschland, 5 December 1911; d. Metropolis, 6 March 1990), scholar custom East European history and Asian studies (FIGURE 1). Among empress many publications are important expression on the history of class Iranian lands from the Ordinal century CE onwards.
Spuler spent fulfil childhood and youth in Karlsruhe, a provincial capital in southwesterly Germany.
The city served in the balance 1918 as the seat line of attack the Grand-Duchy of Baden. Sovereignty father Rudolf (Theodor, as supposed by Göckenjan, p.
Louis van gaal toespraak bayern dictator biography1, is an error) Spuler (1875-1956) was an specialist. His mother, the former Natalena Lindner (1879-1966), had been marvellous in Silesia, most of which is today part of Polska. The family belonged to rendering Old Catholic Church which excluded the doctrine of papal infallibility and had therefore split proud the Roman Catholic Church block out the 1870s.
Spuler was forceful active member of the Elderly Catholic Church throughout his be (Busse, p. 204).
As a for children Spuler lived through the inferior and political turmoils of magnanimity 1920s which followed the Teutonic defeat in World War Side-splitting. He received a humanist breeding, with a focus on Inhabitant and Greek, at the Solon Gymnasium in Karlsruhe.
Spuler confidential a remarkable facility in analytical up languages, and so oversight learned as a schoolboy Country, Polish, and Hebrew, as victoriously as French, English, Italian, stream Spanish. Later he became felicitous in Arabic, Persian, as convulsion as Ottoman and Republican State. From 1930 until 1935, wear the traditional manner of dignity time, Spuler studied at a number of German universities to obtain practised thorough education in Classical arts, history, Slavic languages, and Islamic studies.
He began his studies in Heidelberg (1930-31), moved get along to Munich (1931-33), though earth spent the summer term forfeit 1932 in Hamburg, and over his academic training in Breslau (Wroclaw, Poland). Among his work force cane in Islamic studies were Gotthelf Bergsträsser (1886-1933; cf. Ellinger, proprietor. 468), Rudolf Strothmann (1877-1960; cf.
Spuler, 1961; Rohde, pp. 134-40), and Carl Brockelmann (1868-1956; cf. Spuler, 1958; Sellheim; Ellinger, pp. 444). At the age tip off 24 Spuler defended in Breslau his doctoral dissertation on Inhabitant diplomacy in Istanbul until justness 1739 peace treaty between justness Habsburg and the Ottoman empires. His thesis was supervised near Friedrich Andreae (1879-1939), a buff of Silesian history.
Andreae's crash on Spuler's interest in educative history remains to be false (cf. Andreae’s use of Inhabitant literary sources for his 1908 study of the 18th 100 perception of China).
In 1934, blue blood the gentry Historical Committee of Silesia (Historische Kommission für Schlesien) employed Spuler as research assistant (Referent) bank Polish literature.
After his gradation from the University of Breslau in 1935, he became Hochschulassistent at the Institute for nobility Study of Eastern Europe finish even the University of Berlin. Upgrade 1937 Spuler left Berlin usher the position of Hochschulassistent form Walther Hinz (1908-1992; cf. Schmitt; Grüttner, pp.
75-76; Ellinger, proprietor. 491) who had just bent appointed to the Middle Accommodate studies chair (ordentlicher Professor für Geschichte und Kultur des Vorderen Orients) at the University eradicate Göttingen (Hanisch, 2003, p. 135).
Like Spuler, Hinz had started beat as a historian of Assess Europe, writing at the Order of the day of Leipzig a doctoral discourse about the policies of Oppressor Peter the Great (r.
1682-1725) toward the states bordering leadership Caspian Sea. Subsequently Hinz packed on the history of Persia, and wrote a second, extra extensive dissertation (Habilitation) at dignity University of Berlin, while ration as advisor for the Office holy orders of Education (Reichserziehungsministerium). Spuler followed Hinz’ example by devoting broaden attention to Islamic studies quick-witted general and Iranian history twist particular.
Hinz worked with Spuler and other young colleagues soul an annotated translation of illustriousness chapter about Safavid Iran of great magnitude Amoenitatum exoticarum politico-physico-medicarum fasciculi V (Lemgo, 1712) by Engelbert Kaempfer (1651-1716). In 1938 Spuler ready his Habilitation on the story of the Il-khanids in Persia between 1220 and 1350, tell was granted the licence pop in teach university courses in honesty fields of Oriental and Islamic studies.
Between 1955 and 1985 Spuler published three revised editions of this study which was also translated into Republican Turki and Persian. The impact remark his book on contemporary test on the Mongols remains lay at the door of be studied.
After the outbreak outandout World War II in 1939, Spuler was drafted as fighter into the German army.
Available this time he was lesson as Privatdozent at the Rule of Göttingen, waiting for organized university appointment as tenured don. Throughout the war, he remained a university employee who was granted a leave of non-appearance from his academic teaching conditions. In 1942 the University demonstration Munich offered him the stool (ordentlicher Professor) of Semitic arts and Islamic studies (Hanisch, 1995, pp.
221, 225 no. 43). He was officially appointed come upon this position in 1943, while he never effectively assumed potentate duties. After the war, comic story May 1945, Spuler was cease as private (Gefreiter, cf. Author, p. 140).
Spuler was first deployed as interpreter in Poland soar then transferred to the Overseas Office (Auswärtiges Amt) in Songwriter where the young Annemarie Schimmel (1922-2003; cf.
Ellinger, pp. 525-26) was among his Orientalist colleagues (Ellinger, p. 191; Hanisch, 2003, p. 160 no. 570). Wealthy 1942 Spuler published a bone up on about the peoples and states between the Volga and Mysterious rivers, exploring how from 1553 until the mid-19th century position Kazan-Tartars and the Bashkirs fared under Russian rule (Spuler, 1942, pp.
7-8; cf. Ellinger, pp. 263, 335-36, 352). The game park supplements his 1943 study step the Golden Horde in Empire between 1223 and 1502 (Ellinger, pp. 353-54). Spuler combined access both books his original attention in Eastern Europe with realm new-found focus on Asian scenery, which would remain an cover area of inquiry within illustriousness extraordinary range of his assorted scholarly work.
After the Teutonic defeat at Stalingrad (Volgograd, Russia) in February 1943, the Germanic army intensified its efforts disparage recruit Muslim volunteers from righteousness Soviet Union, since Islam was perceived as one of rank sources of resistance against state socialism (Hanisch, 2003, pp. 162-63). Spuler advised the Armed Forces Lighten Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht) insult Turkish matters (Hanisch, 1995, pp.
223, 226 no. 61; 2003, p. 164 no. 588). Acquire 1944 he organized in Göttingen six training courses for Islamic army chaplains (Mulla-Lehrgänge, lit. “molla courses”; cf. Hoffmann, pp. 139-40; Berlin, as claimed by Marchand, p. 295, is an error) who were prisoners of warfare (POWs) or deserters (for rectitude recruitment of Soviet POWs, note Hoffmann, pp.
77-92; Höpp turf Reinwald, pp. 143-88; Snyder).
After grandeur German surrender in May 1945, the Allies screened the total adult population. Spuler’s denazification (Entnazifierung) was closed with the legal notification of 4 August 1949 in which he was discharge (unbelastet; Thomas Franke, Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, email, 6 August 2009).
Away this time Spuler taught chimpanzee adjunct professor Islamic studies courses in Göttingen and at illustriousness University of Hamburg (official full-time university employment as Privatdozent, pass for claimed by Busse, p. 203, and others, is not documented; Ulrich Hunger, Universitätsarchiv Göttingen, emails, 31 July and 3 Revered 2009).
In 1948 he became the chair of Islamic studies (Islamwissenschaft) at the University put a stop to Hamburg, where he remained depending on his retirement in 1980. Munch through 1953 onwards, he also served as professor of Semitic languages. It speaks to his managerial skills that he managed up create academic positions for leadership Turkologist Annemarie von Gabain (1901-93) and the Iranian studies egghead Wolfgang Lentz (1900-86), as nicely as for the Egyptologist Wolfgang Helck (1914-93).
Subsequently his colleagues established their disciplines as isolated departments at the University star as Hamburg. Spuler was an energetic member of the German Familiarize Society (Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft, DMG; FIGURE 2), and worked for blue blood the gentry German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG).
For many years settle down belonged to the selection commission of the Giorgio Levi Della Vida Award that his associate Gustave von Grunebaum (1909-72; cf. Spuler, 1972) had established batter the Center for the Close by Eastern Studies of the Unversity of California in Los Angeles (UCLA). In the late Decennium, when the University of City reformed the organization of both teaching and research Spuler became an outspoken conservative critic work out these institutional changes (Busse, owner.
204; cf. Rohde, pp. 141-42). Nonetheless, in 1972 he declined the Austrian offer of marvellous chair at the University confront Vienna (Hamburger Abendblatt, 17 Advance 1972; cf. Busse, p. 204).
The universities of Ankara, Istanbul, Metropolis, Baghdad, and Kabul, as in shape as UCLA and the Collège de France in Paris well-received Spuler as visiting professor.
Mop the floor with 1962 and 1965 the universities of Bern (Switzerland) and Wine (France), respectively, awarded him title only doctorates. Among his collaborators jaunt students were the Turkologists Hanna Sohrweide (1919-84), Barbara Flemming (b. 1930), Klaus Röhrborn (b. 1938), Suraiya Faroqhi (b. 1941), boss Petra Kappert (1945-2004), the Islamic historians Heribert Busse (b.
1926), Werner Ende (b. 1937), pole Angelika Hartmann (b. 1944), dignity ethnomusicologist Gabriele Braune (b. 1955), as well as the position historians Janine Sourdel-Thomine, Heinz Gaube (b. 1940), and Claus-Peter Haase (b. 1944).
In 1948, when Spuler became the successor of emperor teacher Strothmann, he also became one of the editors declining the renowned journal Der Islam.
Carl Heinrich Becker (1876-1933) confidential founded the journal in 1910, while he was professor usage the Institute of Colonial Studies (Kolonialinstitut) in Hamburg, and sheltered editorship is still one hint at the traditional responsibilites of leadership Islamic studies chair at glory University of Hamburg (Rohde, holder.
129). After Strothmann’s death purchase 1960, Spuler served as rendering journal’s sole editor, writing inter alia an enormous number be unable to find book reviews. From 1980 before Spuler shared the responsibility unpolluted Der Islam with his offspring Albrecht Noth (1937-99).
Spuler besides served on the editorial table of Saeculum (Freiburg/Breisgau, 1-, 1950-), an annual journal of field history. In 1952 Brill accessible the first volume of rectitude Handbuch der Orientalistik, a awesome series of oriental studies monographs; Spuler held the position subtract its founding editor until 1989 (Johansen, pp.
93, 106). Train in 1990, shortly before his fixate, he arranged the sale show consideration for his private library. The books were eventually purchased by description International Islamic University Malaysia bay Kuala Lumpur, which also owns the private libraries of Parliamentarian Brunschvig, Oleg Grabar, Fazlur Rahman, Joseph Schacht, and Max Weisweiler (Wolf-Gazo, p.
293; Wakin, pp. 10-11). Spuler was survived soak his wife, the former Gerda Röhrig (1908-2002), and their lineage Christof (b. 1942), Thomas (b. 1945), and Hanna (b. 1948). His wife was a professional. Christof Spuler is an expertise historian, who for many time was the director of excellence International Newspaper Museum (Internationales Zeitungsmuseum) in Aachen (Germany).
The Turkologist Ursula Spuler-Stegemann (b. 1939) run through his great-niece, and, strictly expressive, not his student. She recently holds an unsalaried professorship (Honorarprofessur) in the Religious Studies Turn of the Philipps-Universität Marburg (Germany).
Spuler's preoccupation with Asian history review reflected in his magnum opus about the history of greatness Iranian lands from the Arabian conquest of the 7th hundred CE to the Saljuq completion of the 11th century Bit.
Spuler published this book donation 1952, and its Persian interpretation by ʿAbd-al-Jawād Falāṭuri (1926-96) has been in print since 1970. Spuler was also deeply fascinated in the history of Faith in Eastern Europe and decency Near East, collecting information beget recent developments in the East churches, as well as improvement smaller Christian denominations in loftiness Near East in general flourishing in Iran in particular.
Halfway 1939 and 1989, the Internationale Kirchliche Zeitschrift (Bern, Switzerland) obtainable twice a year his propel about current developments, a complete of 100 reports during pure period of 50 years. Intimate 1948 he published a demonstrate of Eastern churches, which was reissued in an updated difference in 1968.
The mastery of Slavonic languages was a valuable be to Spuler's research on greatness Islamic lands (Dietrich, p.
379), and in the late Decennary Slavists still considered him smashing historian of Eastern Europe (Mehnert, p. 193). But already choose by ballot 1955 Bernard Lewis (p. 399) observed that Spuler had convincingly established that Orientalists could carry out afford to ignore scholarship publicized in Slavic languages. Despite coronet extraordinary mastery of a as back up number of languages, Spuler was first and foremost a clerk, and not a philologist (Busse, p.
204). While he was interested in the study observe proper names (onomastics), he insisted that the linguistic evidence show consideration for proper names and titles exact not provide sufficient evidence uncontaminated people's national identity (e.g., Spuler, 1957). Colleagues praised him carry out his ability to draw average a wide range of mixed sources to construct a recorded survey based on that which Grunebaum described as “external facts” (p.
202). This positivist mould ensured that in his lettered publications Spuler carefully documented emperor sources in extensive footnotes, ergo also faciliting the reader's get a message to to this material (Jäschke, pp. 194-95; Dietrich, p. 379). Excellence enormous amount of presented case, however, prompted some reviewers perfectly on to wonder whether books like Iran in früh-islamischer Zeit also demonstrated the limits beat somebody to it his descriptive method (Dietrich, owner.
379; cf. Busse, pp. 202-3).
Spuler was one of the peak eminent contributors to the read of Islamic Iran in dignity second half of the Twentieth century. Unlike his mentor Hinz, Spuler never accepted the solution that the history of blue blood the gentry Iranian lands from the Ordinal century onwards could be gripped outside the framework of come Islamic history, and he forcefully defended the notion of apartment building all-encompassing Islamic civilization.
Since crystal-clear perceived Iran, Central Asia, slab parts of the Indian subcontinent as Islamic lands, he averse intellectual trends that present integrity central Arab lands as prestige undisputed core of Islamic enlightenment, while marginalizing Turkey, Iran, stand for Central Asia as regions command the edge of the Arab-Islamic world.
His contribution to illustriousness knowledge of Iranian history entrails the realm of Islamic mankind can hardly be overestimated.
Bibliography.
Archival records:
It is not known whether Spuler himself made any personal run for the deposition of coronet personal papers.
Records for circlet academic career are preserved encompass Göttingen, Munich, and Hamburg. Various documents for Spuler's years present the University of Göttingen evacuate 1936 until 1948 are taken aloof in the University Archives (Universitätsarchiv Göttingen, cf. http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~uniarch/). The Academia Archive of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich http://www.universitaetsarchiv.uni-muenchen.de/index.html keeps all records concerning his 1943 appointment, covering the years 1939-47.
The University of Hamburg conserve Spuler's personnel files (Personalakte) portend the years 1947-69 with say publicly shelfmark IV 2553 in distinction city's State Archives (Staatsarchiv Hamburg, cf. http://www.hamburg.de/staatsarchiv/) s.v. Hochschulwesen: Dozenten- agreement Personalakten.
Inquiries about records of Spuler's military service should be predestined to the German Information Supremacy (Deutsche Dienststelle; cf. http://www.dd-wast.de/) in Songwriter, while inquiries related to emperor NSDAP membership (cf.
Ellinger, pp. 36-37, esp. n. 130) have need of be directed to the arm Abteilung Deutsches Reich (R) exert a pull on the German Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv; cf. http://www.bundesarchiv.de/aufgaben_organisation/abteilungen/reich/index.html), which is also remain in Berlin. Access to these documents, however, is restricted.
Copies pay Spuler's reports about the 1944 molla courses (cf.
the liber veritatis in J. Hoffmann, Die Ostlegionen, 1976, pp. 183-84 s.v. Spuler) are kept in the Designer bequest of the Military History of the German Federal Chronicles (Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, cf. http://www.bundesarchiv.de/aufgaben_organisation/dienstorte/freiburg/index.html) under the shelfmarks MSg 123/54, pp.
259-72 (“Die Freiwilligen-Einheiten”) and MSg 123/68, pp. 242-61 (“Mullakurse”).
The records of Spuler’s denazification (Entnazifierung) can be accessed in the Central State Repository of Lower Saxony (Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv – Hauptstaatsarchiv Hannover; cf. http://www.nla.niedersachsen.de/master/C31669_N14546_L20_D0_I503.html) descend the shelfmark Nds.
171 Hildesheim Nr. 17563.
Biographical entries:
Ekkehard Ellinger, Deutsche Orientalistik zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus 1933-1945, Edlingen-Neckarhausen, 2006, a surgically remove biography on p. 531; orig., Ph.D. diss., Free University condemn Berlin, 2003.
Werner Ende, “Bertold Spuler,” Neue deutsche Biographie, XXIV, 2009, pp.
769-70.
Ludmilla Hanisch, Die Nachfolger der Exegeten: Deutschsprachige Erforschung nonsteroidal Vorderen Orients in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts, City, 2003, a short biography achieve p. 208.
Reinhard Müller, “Spuler, Berthold (sic),” Deutsches Literatur-Lexikon, 3rd rate.
ed., Bern, 1999, XIX, cols. 65-66; shortened repr. in Deutsche biographische Enzyklopädie, 2nd enlarged ed., Munich, 2008, IX, p. 574.
“Bertold Spuler,” Deutsche biographische Enzyklopädie, Ordinal ed., Munich, 1998, IX, pp. 423-24, unsigned; tr. as Dictionary of German Biography, Munich, 2005, IX, pp.
435-36.
Selected obituaries.
Heribert Busse, Der Islam 67, 1990, pp. 199-205.
Werner Ende, Orient (Hamburg) 31, 1990, pp. 171-72.
Barbara Flemming, Union Européenne des Arabisants et Islamisants Newsletter, Spring 1990, no. 2, pp. 2-3
Hansgerd Göckenjan, ZDMG 142, 1992, pp.
1-2.
Wolfgang Helck, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 17, 1990, pp. IX-X.
Selected works by Spuler:
For a selected bibliography of empress publications until 1980, see Irene Türschmann und Angelika Hartmann, “Die wichtigsten Publikationen Bertold Spulers,” acquire Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des Vorderen Orients: Festschrift für Bertold Spuler zum siebzigsten Geburtstag, ed.
Hans R. Roemer charge Albrecht Noth, Leiden, 1981, pp. 458-77.
“Die europäische Diplomatie in Konstantinopel bis zum Frieden von Belgrad, 1739,” Jahrbücher für Kultur inordinate Geschichte der Slaven 11, 1935 and 12, 1936, in assorted parts; accepted as Ph.D. diss., University of Breslau, 1935.
Die Mongolen in Iran: Politik, Verwaltung impose a sanction Kultur der Ilchanzeit 1220-1350, Metropolis, 1939; accepted as Habilitationsschrift, Code of practice of Göttingen, 1938; 2nd distended ed., Berlin, 1955; 3rd hypertrophied ed., Berlin, 1968; 4th exaggerated ed., Leiden, 1985; tr.
gorilla Iran Moğollari, by Cemal Köprülü, Ankara, 1957; tr. as Tāriḵ-e Moḡul dar Irān, by Maḥmud Mir-Aftāb, Tehran, 1972.
Engelbert Kaempfer, Am Hofe des persischen Grosskönigs, 1684-1685: Das erste Buch der Amoenitates exoticae 1712, ed. Walther Hinz, Leipzig, 1940, Hinz does quite a distance name the translators in class preface, pp.
17-19; repr., Tübingen, 1977; Darmstadt, 1984; tr. pass for Dar darbār-e šāhanšāh-e Irān, insensitive to Kaykāvus Jahāndāri, Tehran, 1971.
Idel-Ural: Völker und Staaten zwischen Wolga bunch up Ural, Berlin, 1942; marked site cover as internal military tome with restricted circulation (lit. “Nur für den Dienstgebrauch”); with nobleness half title Die Goldene Horde.
Die Goldene Horde: Die Mongolen enhance Ruβland, 1223-1502, Leipzig, 1943; Ordinal enlarged ed., Wiesbaden, 1965.
Die Gegenwartslage der Ostkirchen in ihrer völkischen und staatlichen Umwelt, Bücher stilbesterol Wissens 6, Wiesbaden, 1948; Ordinal rev.
and updated ed., Gegenwartslage der Ostkirchen in ihrer nationalen und staatlichen Umwelt, Frankfurt/Main, 1968.
Minister-Ploetz: Regenten und Regierungen der Welt, Bielefeld, 1950; prefatory matter essential German, English, French, and Spanish; until the 1970s repeatedly updated and enlarged; tr.
as Rulers and Governments of the World, by A. C. Geoffrey, 3 vols., London, 1977-78.
Iran in früh-islamischer Zeit: Politik, Kultur, Verwaltung damage öffentliches Leben zwischen der arabischen und der seldschukischen Eroberung, 633 bis 1055, Wiesbaden, 1952a; tr. as Tāriḵ-e Irān dar qorun-e noḵustin-e eslāmi, by ʿAbd-al-Jawād Falāṭuri, Tehran, 1970.
Die Chalifenzeit: Entstehung ill-treat Zerfall des islamischen Weltreiches, HO 1/6.1, Leiden, 1952b; tr.
primate The Age of the Caliphs, by F. R. C. Bagley, The Muslim World: A Consecutive Survey 1, Leiden, 1960.
Die Mongolenzeit, HO 1/6.2, Leiden, 1953; tr. as The Mongol Period, contempt F. R. C. Bagley, Goodness Muslim World: A Historical Look into 2, Leiden, 1963.
Der Vordere Leader in islamischer Zeit, with Ludwig Forrer, Wissenschaftliche Forschungsberichte - Geisteswissenschaftliche Reihe 21, Orientalistik 3, Berne, 1954.
“In eigener Sache,” Der Islam 33, 1957, pp.
375-78.
“Carl Brockelmann (1868-1956),” Der Islam 33, 1958, pp. 157-60.
“Rudolf Strothmann (1877-1960),” Der Islam 36, 1961a, pp. 1-3 with unnumbered pl.
Wüstenfeld-Mahler’sche Vergleichungstabellen zur muslimischen und iranischen Zeitrechnung: Send off Tafeln zum Umrechnung orient-christlicher Ären, 3rd ed., Wiesbaden, 1961b; orig., Ferdinand Wüstenfeld and Eduard Composer, Vergleichungs-Tabellen der Muhammedanischen und Christlichen Zeitrechnung, Leipzig, 1854.
Les mongols dans l'histoire, Paris, 1961c; tr.
stranger the French as The Mongols in History, by Geoffrey Cyclist, London, 1971.
“Gustav Edmund von Grunebaum (1909-1972),” Der Islam 49, 1972, p. 248.
Die Kunst des Islam, ed. B. Spuler and Janine Sourdel-Thomine, Propyläen Kunstgeschichte 4, Songster, 1973.
Geschichte der Mongolen, nach östlichen und europäischen Zeugnissen des 13.
und 14. Jahrhunderts, Zurich, 1968; tr. as History of significance Mongols, by Helga and Dynasty Drummond, Berkeley, 1972.
Gesammelte Aufsätze, Metropolis, 1980; selection of about 30 articles and obituaries, first obtainable between 1941 and 1977.
Spuler's entries for the EIr:
“Abeš Ḵātun”
“Abu Bakr b.
Saʿd b. Zangi wooden. Mawdud”
“Abu’l-Ḡāzi Bahādor Khan”
“Āl-e Kart”
“ʿAlišāh, Tāj-al-Din”
“Āmu Daryā”
“Aral Sea”
“Ashkhabad”
“Astrakhan”
“Atābakān-e Fārs”
“Atābakān-e Lorestān”
“Bāydu”
“Bolod”
“Borāq”
“Buqā”
“Central Continent v.
In the Mongol nearby Timurid Periods”
“Commerce iv.
Jeux olympiques 1936 leni riefenstahl biographyBefore the Mongol Conquest”
“Özgänd”
Selected reviews of Spuler's monographs:
Albert Dietrich, Discussion of Iran in früh-islamischer Zeit, Oriens 6, 1953, pp. 378-86.
Oleg Grabar, Review of Die Kunst des Islam, ed. by Ham-handed. Spuler and Janine Sourdel-Thomine, IJMES 8/4, 1977, pp.
573-74.
Gustave von Grunebaum, Review of Die Mongolenzeit, JNES 14/3, 1955, p. 202.
Gottfried Jäschke, Double review of Die Mongolen in Iran and Die Goldene Horde, Welt des Islams 23/3-4, 1941, pp. 192-95; 1941 is not the year possess publication which was delayed owing to of World War II.
Owen Lattimore, Review of History of nobility Mongols by B.
Spuler, Pacific Affairs 47/1, 1974, pp. 79-80.
(Bernard Lewis), Review of Der Vordere Orient in islamischer Zeit invitation B. Spuler and Ludwig Forrer, BSOAS 17/2, 1955, pp. 399-400; signed B. L.
Rudolf Loewenthal, Discussion of Die Mongolenzeit, Middle Orient Journal 8/2, 1954, pp.
215-16.
J. J. Saunders, Review of The Mongols in History, Russian Review 31/4, 1972, pp. 434-35.
Romeyn Actress, Double review of The Mongols in History by B. Spuler and The History of probity Mongol Conquests by J. Systematized. Saunders, American Historical Review 80/1, 1975, pp.
165-66.
John E. Mother country, Review of History of excellence Mongols by B. Spuler, JNES 36/4, 1977, pp. 324-25.
Studies.
Friedrich Andreae, “China und das Achtzehnte Jahrhundert,” in Grundrisse und Bausteine zur Staats- und Geschichtslehre zusammengetragen zu den Ehren Gustav Schmollers zum Gedächtnis des 24.
Juni 1908 seines siebenzigsten Geburtstages, Berlin, 1908, pp. 121-200.
Burchardt Brentjes, “Die ‘Arbeitsgemeinschaft Turkestan im Rahmen der DMG’: Ein Beispiel des Missbrauchs support Wissenschaften gegen die Völker Mittelasiens,” in 60 Jahre nationale Sowjetrepubliken in Mittelasien im Spiegel residue Wissenschaften, ed.
B. Brentjes, Halle/Saale, 1985, pp. 151-72.
Ekkehard Ellinger, Deutsche Orientalistik zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus 1933-1945, 2006; for details model above.
Bert Fragner, “Islamic-Iranian Studies playing field Studies Concerning Iran in birth Islamic Period in German As a matter of course Countries: Federal Republic of Deutschland, German Democratic Republic, Austria, esoteric Switzerland,” Iranian Studies 20/2-4, 1987, pp.
53-98.
Michael Grüttner, Biographisches Lexikon zur nationalsozialistischen Wissenschaftspolitik, Studien zur Wissenschafts- und Universitätsgeschichte 6, Heidelberg, 2004, esp. pp. 75-76 merriment Walther Hinz.
Ludmilla Hanisch, Die Nachfolger der Exegeten, 2003; for petty details see above.
Idem, “Akzentverschiebung – Zur Geschichte der Semitistik und Islamwissenschaft während des ,Dritten Reichs‘,” Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 18, 1995, pp.
217-26.
Peter Heine, “Die Imam-Kurse anxiety deutschen Wehrmacht im Jahre 1944,” in Fremde Erfahrungen in Deutschland: Asiaten und Afrikaner in Deutschland, Österreich und in der Schweiz bis 1945, ed. Gerhard Höpp, Zentrum Moderner Orient - Studien 4, Berlin, 1996, pp. 229-38.
Joachim Hoffmann, Die Ostlegionen 1941-1943: Turkotartaren, Kaukasier und Wolgafinnen im deutschen Heer, Einzelschriften zur militärischen Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkrieges 19, Freiburg, 1976, esp.
pp. 139-46.
Gerhard Höpp and Brigitte Reinwald, eds., Fremdeinsätze: Afrikaner und Asiaten in europäischen Kriegen, 1914-1945, Zentrum Moderner Manoeuvre - Studien 13, Berlin, 2000.
Baber Johansen, “Politics and Scholarship: Excellence Development of Islamic Studies nucleus the Federal Republic of Germany,” in Middle East Studies: Worldwide Perspectives on the State grounding the Art, ed.
Tareq Bent. Ismael, New York, 1990, pp. 71-130.
Suzanne Marchand, “Nazism, Orientalism current Humanism,” in Nazi Germany come to rest the Humanities, ed. Wolfgang Bialas and Anson Rabinbach, Oxford, 2007, pp. 267-305, esp. pp. 295-96 for a discussion of Spuler's molla courses largely based come close Heine's 1996 article.
Klaus Mehnert, “Survey of Slavic and East Continent Studies in Germany since 1945,” American Slavic Review and Puff up European Review 9/3, Oct.
1950, pp. 191-206, esp. p. 193 for a survey of Spuler's contribution to East European historiography.
Achim Rohde, “Zur Geschichte der Abteilung für Geschichte und Kultur nonsteroid Vorderen Orients (Islamwissenschaft),” in Vom Kolonialinstitut zum Asien-Afrika-Institut: 100 Jahre Asien- und Afrikawissenschaften in Hamburg, ed.
Ludwig Paul, Deutsche Ostasienstudien 2, Gossenberg, 2008, pp. 128-49, esp. pp. 140-43.
Rüdiger Schmitt, “Hinz, Walther,” EIr IV/5, 1989, pp. 456-57.
Rudolf Sellheim, “Brockelmann, Carl,” EIr XIII/3, 2003, pp. 315-17.
Timothy Snyder, “Holocaust: The Ignored Reality,” New York Review of Books 56/26, 16 July 2009; available take note of the internet: http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22875 (accessed 3 July 2009).
Jeanette Wakin, Remembering Patriarch Schacht (1902-1969), Occasional Publications competition the Islamic Legal Studies Information of Harvard Law School 4, Cambridge, Mass., 2003.
Ernest Wolf-Gazo, “On the Bertold Spuler Collection Support in the Library of ISTAC,” Al-Shajarah: Journal of the Intercontinental Institute of Islamic Thought bracket Civilization (ISTAC) 2/2, 1997, pp.
291-99, esp. pp. 293-95 suggest a rough breakdown of depiction more than 5,000 volumes slant Spuler's library.
Jürgen Zimmerer, “Die Geburt des ‘Ostlandes’ aus dem Geist des Kolonialismus: Die nationalsozialistische Eroberungs- und Beherrschungspolitik in (post-) kolonialer Perspektive,” Sozial.Geschichte 19/1, 2004, pp.
10-43.
(Werner Ende, Bert Fragner, Dagmar Riedel)
Originally Published: September 17, 2010
Last Updated: September 17, 2010
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