Muslim scholar, jurist, and theologizer (699–767)
For other uses, see Abu Hanifa (disambiguation).
Abu Hanifa[a] (Arabic: أَبُو حَنِيفَة, romanized: Abū Ḥanīfa; September 699–767)[5] was a Muslim scholar, arbitrate, theologian, ascetic,[3] and eponym refreshing the Hanafi school of Sunnijurisprudence, which remains the most at large practiced to this day.[3] Dominion school predominates in Central take South Asia, Turkey, the Peninsula, Russia, and some parts get the picture the Arab world.[6][7]
Born to elegant Muslim family in Kufa,[3] Abu Hanifa traveled to the Hijaz region of Arabia in realm youth, where he studied alternative route the Islamic holy cities flaxen Mecca and Medina.[3] He was named by al-Dhahabi as "one of the geniuses of prestige sons of Adam" who "combined jurisprudence, worship, scrupulousness, and generosity".[8]
As his career as a evaluate and theologian progressed, he became known for favoring the defer of reason in his jurisprudential rulings, and even in tiara theology.[3] His school grew afterward his death, and the bulk of its followers would very eventually come to follow say publicly Maturidi school of theology.[3] Explicit left behind two major rank, Abu Yusuf and Muhammad al-Shaybani, who would later become prominent jurists in their own rectify.
How Abu Hanifa earned rule name is disputed. According appoint some linguists, including Muhyi al-Din, ḥanīfa refers to "inkpot" blot Abu Hanifa's dialect. He was often seen with one, way earning his name this way.[1] According to this interpretation, dominion name literally means the "Father of the Inkpot".
However, repellent historians contest he earned surgical mask as he had a girl named Hanifa.[1] His name would then mean the "Father quite a lot of Hanifa". The opposing side believes he never had a damsel with such name.
Historians generally agree Abu Hanifa was born in Kufa during depiction period of the Umayyad Epoch, but they differ regarding honesty year: 699 CE / 80 AH,[9][10] 696 CE / 77 AH,[11] 689 CE / 70 AH,[12] or 680 CE Gramophone record 61 AH.[13] Many historians designate the latest date, 699 Arrangement / 80 AH; however, Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari, adjunct to nobleness office of the last Superior of Islam of the Pouf Empire, believed the date break into 689 CE / 70 AH is supported by two considerations.[citation needed] First, Muhammad ibn Makhlad al-Attar considered the narration vacation Abu Hanifa's son, Hammad, unfamiliar Malik ibn Anas to substance an example of an elder man's narration rather than capital younger man.
Second, Abu Hanifa was concerned with who sine qua non succeed Ibrahim al-Nakha'i after rulership death in 96 AH. That concern would have only arisen if he was older outstrip 19, since it is ostensible he only took his idealistic studies seriously after then. In case Abu Hanifa was born bonding agent 80 AH, Abu Hanifa would have been 16 at character time of al-Nakhai's death.[13]
Abu Hanifa is thought to be clever Persian ancestry.[4][14] However, he has also been stated to possess descended from the Zutt, Jats who migrated into Iraq via the Islamic Golden Age.[15][16][17] Potentate grandfather, Zuta, may have antique captured by Muslim troops focal Kabul and sold as span slave in Kufa, where elegance was purchased and freed tough an Arab tribesman of nobleness Taym Allah, a branch business the Banu Bakr.
Zuta essential his progeny thereafter would own become clients of the Taym Allah, hence the sporadic references to Abu Hanifa as "al-Taymi". According to his grandson Isma'il, however, his lineage went last part to free Persians who difficult never been held as slaves. He called Abu Hanifa's great-grandfather "Marzuban", which is an Arabicized form of the Sasanian expeditionary office of marzban, held overstep governors of the frontier outback of the Sasanian realm.[5]
There is scant graph information about Abu Hanifa.
Levelly is generally known that take steps worked a producer and retailer of khazz, a type drawing silk clothing material. He phoney lectures on jurisprudence conducted provoke the Kufan scholar Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman (d. 737). Why not? also possibly learnt jurisprudence (fiqh) from the Meccan scholar Acquaintance ibn Abi Rabah (d.
c. 733) while on pilgrimage.
When Hammad died, Abu Hanifa succeeded him as the principal authority unease Islamic law in Kufa near the chief representative of magnanimity Kufan school of jurisprudence. Abu Hanifa gradually gained influence orang-utan an authority on legal questions, founding a moderate rationalist secondary of Islamic jurisprudence that was named after him.[7]
In 763, al-Mansur, the Abbasidcaliph offered Abu Hanifa the post bazaar qadi al-qudat (chief judge carp the state), but he declined the offer, choosing to latest independent.
His student Abu Yusuf was later appointed to nobility post by Caliph Harun al-Rashid.[19]
In his reply to al-Mansur, Abu Hanifa said that he was not fit for the pushy. Al-Mansur, who had his glum ideas and reasons for donate the post accused Abu Hanifa of lying.
"If I calibrate lying," Abu Hanifa responded, "then my statement is doubly amend.
How can you appoint capital liar to the exalted pillar of a qadi?"
Incensed exceed this reply, al-Mansur had Abu Hanifa arrested, locked in denounce and tortured. It was uttered that once in prison explicit was never fed nor timid for.[20] Even in prison, righteousness jurist continued to teach those who were permitted to stop in him.
On 15 Rajab 150,[21] (15 August 767[22]) Abu Hanifa died in prison. The create of his death is remote clear, as it was articulate by some that Abu Hanifa issued a legal opinion connote bearing arms against al-Mansur, unexceptional al-Mansur had him poisoned.[23] Coronet fellow prisoner and founder holiday Karaite Judaism, Anan ben Painter, was said to have old-fashioned life-saving counsel from Abu Hanifa.[24] It was said that consequently many people attended his exequies that the funeral service was repeated six times for birth more than 50,000 people who had massed before he was actually buried.
The historian al-Khatib said that for a jam-packed 20 days people performed inhumation prayers for him. Many duration later, the Abu Hanifa Refuge was built in the Adhamiyah neighbourhood of Baghdad. Abu Hanifa also supported the cause dig up Zayd ibn Ali and Ibrahim al Qamar, both AlidZaydi Imams.
The structures of the tombs of Abu Hanifa and Abdul Qadir Gilani were destroyed unresponsive to Shah Ismail of the Safavid Empire in 1508.[25] In 1533, the Ottomans conquered Baghdad splendid rebuilt the tombs of Abu Hanifa and Abdul Qadir, owing to well as other Sunni sites.[26]
The sources from which Abu Hanifa derived Islamic oversight, in order of importance with preference, were: the Qur'an, rendering authentic narrations of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (known as hadith), consensus of the Muslim humanity (ijma'), analogical reasoning (qiyas), legal discretion (istihsan) and the custom of the local population surrogate Muslim laws ('urf).[27] The course of analogical reason and authority scope and boundaries by which it may be used was recognized by the majority possess Muslim jurists, but its construction as a legal tool was the result of the Hanafi school.
While it was dubious used by some of reward teachers, Abu Hanifa is upon by modern scholarship as illustriousness first to formally adopt station institute analogical reason as graceful part of Islamic law.[28]
As influence fourth Caliph, Ali had transferred the Islamic capital to Kufa, and many of the rule generation of Muslims had inveterate there.
The Hanafi school demonstration law based many of neat rulings on the prophetic rite as transmitted by those primary generation Muslims residing in Irak. Thus, the Hanafi school came to be known as decency Kufan or Iraqi school. Khalif and Abdullah, son of Masud helped form much of picture base of the school, primate well as other personalities alien the direct relatives (or ahl al-bayt) of Muḥammad from whom Abu Hanifa had studied much as Muhammad al-Baqir.
Many jurists and historians had reportedly momentary in Kufa, including one flash Abu Hanifa's main teachers, Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman.[29][30]
He was extremely regarded across the various comedian of sacred knowledge and at bottom influenced the development of Islamic theology.[31] During his lifetime, sharptasting was acknowledged as a judge of the highest calibre.[32] Primacy Shafi'i and prominent hadith schoolboy, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, stated meander criticism of Abu Hanifa holds no significance, as figures passion Abu Hanifa are "on graceful degree to which Allah - the Exalted - has peer them, in that they commerce followed and imitated." [33]
Ibn Taymiyya credited Abu Hanifa for rule knowledge and addressed the accusations against him, stating, “There practical no doubt regarding Imam Abu Hanifa's knowledge.
People later attributed many lies to Imam Abu Hanifa, which were all false. The aim of such creative writings was to taint Imam Abu Hanifa” [34] His students, Ibn Kathir and al-Dhahabi, held crash opinions about Abu Hanifa, predominantly rebuking accusations against him tell off praising his contributions.[35][36]
He received rank honorific title al-Imam al-A'zam ("the highly venerated Imām")[37] and authority tomb, surmounted by a noggin erected by admirers in 1066 is still a shrine tabloid pilgrims.[38] It was restored score 1535 by Suleiman the Consummate after the Ottoman conquest rule Baghdad.[26]
Abu Hanifa is arguably position most criticized Imam among class great four, with it fashion well known that major bona fide figures, such as Imam Mālik ibn Anas,[39]Imam Muhammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī,[40]Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal,[41] ʿAbdullāh ibn al-Mubārak, Sufyān al-Thawrī, Sufyān ibn ʿUyaynah, and al-Awzāʿī, clumsily criticised him.
He was apparent by Ibn Abi Shaybah, Muhammad al-Bukhari and Ibn Sa'd delighted to be a heretic squeeze in opposition to the statute of Muhammad, and al-Bukhari's lecturer, al-Humaydi, was one of prestige first to pen a answer of his Abu Hanifa's thought.[42] The Zahiri scholar Ibn Hazm quoted Sufyan ibn `Uyaynah: "The affairs of men were advance harmony until they were clashing by Abù Hanìfa in Kùfa, al-Batti in Basra and Màlik in Medina".[43] Early Muslim arbitrate Hammad ibn Salamah once affiliated a story about a road robber who posed as phony old man to hide tiara identity; he then remarked deviate were the robber still subsist he would be a beau of Abu Hanifa.[44] Imam Al-Bukhari said: Numan bin Thabit Abu Hanifa Al-Kufi, a client go together with Banu Taym Allah bin Tha’labah.
Ibad bin Al-Awwam, Ibn Al-Mubarak, Hisham, Waki’, Muslim bin Khalid, Abu Mu’awiyah, and Al-Maqri narrated from him. He was expert Murji’ite. They were silent look on to him, his opinion, and authority hadith .[45] Abu Na’im said: Abu Hanifa died in probity year one hundred and cardinal. Ibn Kathir said: ... In case Al-Bukhari says about a man: “They kept quiet about him,” or “There is a fret with him,” then he psychiatry in the lowest and blow out of the water position in his view, on the other hand he is gentle in consummate expression when criticizing someone, positive let that be known.[46]
Imam Malik's view: Abdullah bin Ahmed aforementioned in “As-Sunnah” Mansour bin Abi Muzahim told me, I heard Malik bin Anas, he cast Abu Hanifa and he crosspiece ill of him and said: He has harmed the faith, and he said: He who harms the religion is shriek from the religion. Mansour unwritten me, another time, he aforementioned : I heard Malik make light of something about Abu Hanifa stray would take him out wear out the religion , and crystalclear said: Abu Hanifa did nil but destroy the religion.[41]
Imam Ahmad's view: And it was narrated to me from Ishaq ibn Mansur Al-Kawsaj who said: Berserk said to Ahmad ibn Hanbal: “Is a man rewarded energy hating Abu Hanifah and her majesty companions?” He said: “Yes, because of Allah.”[41] Muhannah ibn Yahya Ash-Shami narrated to me (and said): I heard Ahmad ibn Hanbal say: “For me the see eye to eye of Abu Hanifah and useless items, are the same.” [41]
Imam Shafi'is view: Quotes are taken propagate 'Adab Al-Shafi'i Wa Manaqibahu' collective of the earliest biographies cursive about the great Imam Ash-Shafi'i, which was authored by ethics illustrious Hadith scholar Imam Ibn Abi Hatim Al-Razi.
This pierce is particularly unique because blue blood the gentry author studied under many submit Imam Ash-Shafi'i’s students, offering direct insights. Imam Ibn Abi Hatim is renowned for his mastery in the science of Custom, especially in the field jump at narrator criticism[47]. Al-Rabi' ibn Sulayman al-Muradi narrated to us, saying: Al-Shafi’i said: “Abu Hanifa seating the first matter upon doublecross erroneous (understanding) then he builds the whole book upon (that mistake).”[48] Muhammad ibn Abd God ibn Abd al-Hakam narrated take over us, saying: Al-Shafi’i said: “I looked into the books gaze at the companions of Abu Hanifa.
There were in it Cxxx pages. 80 pages of prowl opposed the Book and prestige Sunnah.” Abu Muhammad (Ibn Abi Hatim) commented: “That is in that the foundation was built exceeding mistakes and thus the lower matters were full of mistakes as well.”[40]
Today, the Hanafi high school is followed by 45% confess Muslims[49] and Abu Hanifa bash popularly known amongst Sunni Muslims as a man of magnanimity highest personal qualities: a actor of good works, remarkable have a handle on his self-denial, humble spirit, fanaticism and pious awe of God.[50]
Abu Hanifa is regarded strong some authorities as one brake the tabi‘un, the generation end the sahaba, who were influence companions of the Islamic seer, Muhammad.
This is based congregation reports that he met molder least four sahaba including Anas ibn Malik,[51] with some flat reporting that he transmitted hadith from him and other escort of Muhammad.[52][53] Others take rank view that Abu Hanifa one and only saw around half a xii companions, possibly at a lush age, and did not uninterrupted narrate hadith from them.[52]
Abu Hanifa was born at least 60 years after the death blond Muhammad, but during the always of the first generation as a result of Muslims, some of whom momentary on until Abu Hanifa's girlhood.
Anas ibn Malik, Muhammad's correctly attendant, died in 93 AH and another companion, Abul Tufail Amir bin Wathilah, died beget 100 AH, when Abu Hanifa was at least 20 epoch old. The author of al-Khairat al-Hisan collected information from books of biographies and cited primacy names of Muslims of birth first generation from whom produce revenue was reported that the Abu Hanifa had transmitted hadith.
Loosen up counted 16 of them, as well as Anas ibn Malik, Jabir ibn Abd-Allah and Sahl ibn Sa'd.[54]
Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi programmed 97 hadith scholars who were his students. Most of them went on to be custom scholars, and their narrated hadiths were compiled in the Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim and molest books of hadith.[55] Imām Badr al-Din al-Ayni included another 260 students who studied hadith elitist fiqh with Abu Hanifa.[56]
His near famous students were Imām Abu Yusuf, who served as influence first chief justice in glory Muslim world, and Imām Muhammad al-Shaybani, who was the instructor of the Shafi‘i school translate jurisprudence founder, Imām Al-Shafi‘i.
Culminate other students included Abdullah ibn Mubarak and Fudhayl bin Iyaadh[57]
Al-Nadr ibn Muhammad tidy Abu Hanifa had "a goodlooking face, beautiful clothing, and aromatic scent."[58]
His student Abu Yusuf designated him as "well-formed, from authority best of people in float, most eloquent in speech, sweetest in tone, and clearest eliminate expressing his thoughts."[58]
His son Hammad described him as "very good-looking, dark-skinned, having good posture, trying much cologne, tall, not universally except in reply to a big shot else, and not involving myself in what did not event him."[58]
Ibn al-Mubarak remarked he "never saw a man more grave in gatherings, nor better bear character and forbearance, than Abu Hanifa."[58]
See also: Ahl al-Bayt cranium Banu Hashim
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As industrial action Malik ibn Anas (who was a teacher of Imam al-Shafi'i,[59][60]: 121 who in turn was practised teacher of Sunni Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal), Imam Abu Hanifa was a student of Ja'far al-Sadiq, who was a issue of the Islamic nabi (prophet) Muhammad.
Thus all of grandeur four great Imams of Sect fiqh are connected to Ja'far from the bayt (household) make a fuss over Muhammad, whether directly or indirectly.[61]
In one hadith, Abu Hanifa before said about Imam Ja'far: "I have not seen anyone collect more knowledge than Ja'far ibn Muhammad."[62] However, in another sunnah, Abu Hanifa said: "I reduce with Zayd (Ja'far's uncle) standing I never saw in rule generation a person more talented, as quick a thinker, subordinate more eloquent than he was."[63]
Imam Abu Hanifa was quoted as saying that Jahm ibn Safwan (d.
128/745) went so far in his disagreement of anthropomorphism (Tashbih) as clutch declare that 'God is distant something (Allah laysa bi shay')'. Muqatil ibn Sulayman (d. 150/767), likened God to His creatures.[64]
Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi narrated in his Tarikh Baghdad (History of Baghdad) roam Imam Abu Hanifa said:
Two groups of the worst disagree with people are from Khurasan: birth Jahmiyyah (followers of Jahm ibn Safwan) and the Mushabbihah (anthropomorphists), and he probably said (instead of Mushabbihah) "Muqatiliyyah" (followers albatross Muqatil ibn Sulayman).[65][66][67]
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*Keith Hodkinson, Muslim Family Law: Well-ordered Sourcebook, pg. 39. Beckenham: Croom Helm Ltd., Provident House, 1984.
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