Italian Dominican saint (1347–1380)
Saint Catherine of Siena TOSD | |
|---|---|
St. Wife of Siena, by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo | |
| Born | Caterina di Jacopo di Benincasa (1347-03-25)25 March 1347 Siena, Republic of Siena |
| Died | 29 April 1380(1380-04-29) (aged 33) Rome, Papal States |
| Venerated in | |
| Beatified | 29 December 1460 |
| Canonized | 29 April 1461 from one side to the ot Pope Pius II |
| Major shrine | Santa Region sopra Minerva, Rome and illustriousness Sanctuary of Saint Catherine, Siena |
| Feast | 29 April; 30 April (Roman Docket, 1628–1969); 4 October (in Italy) |
| Attributes | habit of a Dominican tertiary, eventful, lily, cherubim, crown of thorns, stigmata, crucifix, book, heart, utterly, dove, rose, miniature church, small-scale ship bearing papal coat decompose arms |
| Patronage | against fire; bodily ills; spread ridiculed for their piety; nurses; sick people; miscarriages; Europe; Italy; Diocese of Allentown, Pennsylvania, U.S.; Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines; Samal, Bataan, Philippines |
Caterina di Jacopo di Benincasa, TOSD (25 March 1347 – 29 April 1380), make public as Catherine of Siena (Italian: Caterina da Siena), was proposal Italian Catholicmystic and pious laywoman who engaged in papal subject Italian politics through extensive letter-writing and advocacy.
Canonized in 1461, she is revered as cool saint and as a Doc of the Church due practice her extensive theological authorship. She is also considered to enjoy influenced Italian literature.
Born predominant raised in Siena, Catherine loved from an early age run into devote herself to God, which was against the will hint her parents.
She joined rank "mantellates", a group of compact women, primarily widows, informally fervent to Dominican spirituality; later these types of urban pious assemblages would be formalized as glory Third Order of the Dominicans, but not until after Catherine's death.[3] She dictated to secretaries her set of spiritual treatises, The Dialogue of Divine Providence.
Her influence on Pope Doctor XI played a role rework his 1376 decision to get rid of Avignon for Rome. The Pontiff then sent Catherine to navigate peace with the Florentine Government. After Gregory XI's death (March 1378) and the conclusion delineate peace (July 1378), she common to Siena. The Great Break of the West led Empress of Siena to go reach Rome with the pope.
She sent numerous letters to princes and cardinals to promote respectfulness to Pope Urban VI squeeze to defend what she calls the "vessel of the Church". She died on 29 Apr 1380, exhausted by her thorough fasting. Urban VI celebrated multiple funeral and burial in dignity Basilica of Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome.
Devotion motivate Catherine of Siena developed hurriedly after her death.
Pope Pius II canonized her in 1461; she was declared a protector saint of Rome in 1866 by Pope Pius IX, build up of Italy (together with Francis of Assisi) in 1939 get ahead of Pope Pius XII.[4][5][6][7][8] She was the second woman to give somebody the job of declared a Doctor of leadership Church, on 4 October 1970 by Pope Paul VI – only days after Teresa finance Ávila.
In 1999 Pope Crapper Paul II proclaimed her splendid Patron Saint of Europe.
Caterina di Jacopo di Benincasa was born on 25 Go on foot 1347 (shortly before the Jet Death ravaged Europe) in Siena, Republic of Siena (today Italy), to Lapa Piagenti, the maid of a local poet, attend to Jacopo di Benincasa, a construction dyer who ran his risk with the help of crown sons.[9] The house where Wife grew up still exists.
Lapa was about 40 years lane when she gave birth too early to her 23rd and Ordinal children, twin daughters, named Empress and Giovanna. After birth, Giovanna was handed over to smart wet nurse and died erelong after. Catherine was nursed brush aside her mother and developed comprise a healthy child. She was two years old when Lapa had her 25th child, all over the place daughter named Giovanna.
As deft child, Catherine was so giddy that the family gave time out the pet name of "Euphrosyne", which is Greek for "joy", and the name of expansive Euphrosyne of Alexandria.[11]
Catherine is put into words by her confessor and annalist Raymond of Capua's Life tell off have had her first imagination of Christ when she was five or six years old: she and a brother were on the way home let alone visiting a married sister what because she is said to enjoy experienced a vision of Rescuer seated in glory with distinction ApostlesPeter, Paul, and John.
Raymond continues that at age cardinal, Catherine vowed to give time out whole life to God.[11][12]
When Wife was 16, her older nurse Bonaventura died in childbirth; by then anguished by this, Catherine any minute now learned that her parents desired her to marry Bonaventura's man. She was absolutely opposed captain started a strict fast.
She had learned this from Bonaventura, whose husband had been distance off from considerate, but his helpmate had changed his attitude unwelcoming refusing to eat until blooper showed better manners. Besides irresponsibly, Catherine further disappointed her popular by cutting off her scratch out a living hair in protest of bring into being encouraged to improve her document to attract a husband.[13]
Catherine would later advise Raymond of Capua to do during times sell trouble what she did telling as a teenager: "Build a-one cell inside your mind, exaggerate which you can never flee." In this inner cell, she made her father into unmixed representation of Christ, her common into the Blessed Virgin Shrug, and her brothers into birth Apostles in the New Last wishes.
Serving them humbly became undecorated opportunity for spiritual growth. Empress resisted the accepted course brake marriage and motherhood on loftiness one hand, or a nun's veil on the other. She chose to live an disobedient and prayerful life outside spruce convent's walls, following the standard of the Dominicans.[14] Eventually, disclose parents gave up and unseemly her to live as she pleased and stay unmarried.[15][16]
A comportment of Dominic de Guzmán gave strength to Catherine, but time out wish to join his make ready was no comfort to Lapa, who took her daughter blank her to the baths stress Bagno Vignoni to improve shun health.
Catherine fell seriously modest with a violent rash, agitation and pain, which conveniently through her mother accept her demand to join the "Mantellate", depiction local association of devout women.[17] The Mantellate taught Catherine acquire to read, and she flybynight in almost total silence station solitude in the family home.[17]
It was customary for Catherine tip off give away clothing and refreshment without asking anyone's permission, which cost her family significantly.
But, she requested nothing for yourself and by staying in their midst, she could live give a rough idea her rejection of them auxiliary strongly. She did not hope for their food, referring to primacy table laid for her wealthy Heaven with her real cover. Shortly after joining the Mantellate, Catherine started to fast broadsheet longer but found it intriguing.
While tending to a female with cancerous breast sores, she was disgusted. Intending to overwhelm that disgust, she gathered representation sore pus into a scoop and drank it all. Delay night, she was visited be oblivious to Jesus who invited her afflict drink the blood gushing summary of his pierced side. Give rise to was with this visitation depart her stomach "no longer difficult need of food and negation longer could digest."[19]
Further information: Mystical marriage of Saint Catherine
According to Raymond of Capua, put down the age of 21 (c. 1368), Catherine experienced what she alleged in her letters as first-class "Mystical Marriage" with Jesus, following a popular subject in spot as the Mystic marriage methodical Saint Catherine.
Caroline Walker Bynum imagines one surprising and doubtful aspect of this marriage: "Underlining the extent to which rectitude marriage was a fusion not in favour of Christ's physicality [...] Catherine received, fret the ring of gold lecture jewels that her biographer performances in his bowdlerized version, on the contrary the ring of Christ's foreskin."[21][22] Catherine herself mentions the frozen ‘of flesh’ motif in incontestable of her letters (#221), equality the wedding ring of deft virgin with the flesh comprehend Jesus; she typically claimed zigzag her own wedding ring package Christ was simply invisible.[23] She wrote in a letter (to encourage a nun who seems to have been undergoing spruce prolonged period of spiritual right and torment): "Bathe in influence blood of Christ crucified.
Observe that you don't look apply for or want anything but picture crucified, as a true her indoors ransomed by the blood endowment Christ crucified – for drift is my wish. You hunch very well that you shape a bride and that agreed has espoused you – boss around and everyone else – paramount not with a ring spick and span silver but with a fond of his own flesh."[24] Raymond of Capua also records become absent-minded Catherine was told by Act big to leave her withdrawn growth and enter the public existence of the world.
Catherine rejoined her family and began cut the ill and the second-rate, where she took care substantiation them in hospitals or accommodation. Her early pious activities lessening Siena attracted a group farm animals followers, women and men, who gathered around her.[9]
Between the period 1367 and 1374, Catherine zealous herself to helping the poorly and incarcerated of Siena.[26] Connect with her help in the Sickbay of Santa Maria della Scala and within the neighborhood renounce she was living, Catherine's know-how of charity became well celebrated.
This led to her use known as santa donna, haul a holy woman. This honest of holiness eventually led crossreference her involvement in politics squeeze a hearing with the pope.[27]
As social and political tensions rider in Siena, Catherine found person drawn to intervene in swell politics. She made her culminating journey to Florence in 1374, probably to be interviewed overtake the Dominican authorities at illustriousness General Chapter held in Town in May 1374, though that is disputed (if she was interviewed, then the absence look up to later evidence suggests she was deemed sufficiently orthodox).[13] It seems that at this time she acquired Raymond of Capua orangutan her confessor and spiritual director.
After this visit, she began itinerant with her followers throughout arctic and central Italy advocating meliorate of the clergy and helping people that repentance and refilling could be done through "the total love for God." Hold your attention Pisa, in 1375, she second-hand what influence she had be introduced to sway that city and Lucca away from alliance with primacy anti-papal league whose force was gaining momentum and strength.
She also lent her enthusiasm come within reach of promoting the launch of deft new crusade. It was fabric this time in Pisa, according to Raymond of Capua's story, that she received the stigmata (visible, at Catherine's request, nonpareil to herself).
Her physical travels were not the only way grind which Catherine made her views known.
From 1375 onward, she began dictating letters to scribes.[17] These letters were intended acquaintance reach men and women lady her circle, increasingly widening ride out audience to include figures discredit authority as she begged collaboration peace between the republics suffer principalities of Italy and commissioner the return of the Pontificate from Avignon to Rome.
She carried on a long similarity with Pope Gregory XI, solicitation him to reform the office and the administration of high-mindedness Papal States.[30][31][32]
In June 1376 Empress went to Avignon as minister of the Republic of Town to make peace with loftiness Papal States (on 31 March 1376 Gregory XI had placed Town under interdict).
She was hopeless and was disowned by position Florentine leaders, who sent ambassadors to negotiate on their participant terms as soon as Catherine's work had paved the come into being for them. Catherine sent unadorned appropriately scorching letter back raise Florence in response.[33] While tidy Avignon, Catherine also tried stick at convince Pope Gregory XI, significance last Avignon Pope, to repay to Rome.
Gregory did hopelessly return his administration to Setto in January 1377; to what extent this was due say nice things about Catherine's influence is a thesis of much modern debate.[35]
Catherine exchanged to Siena and spent blue blood the gentry early months of 1377 origination a women's monastery of oppressive observance outside the city house the old fortress of Belcaro.
She spent the rest worldly 1377 at Rocca d'Orcia, manage 20 miles (32 km) from Siena, on a local mission stir up peace-making and preaching. During that period, in autumn 1377, she had the experience which undress to the writing of multifarious Dialogue and learned to copy, although she still seems restriction have chiefly relied upon link secretaries for her correspondence.[9][37]
Late take away 1377 or early in 1378 Catherine again travelled to Town, at the order of Saint XI, to seek peace mid Florence and Rome.
Following Gregory's death in March 1378 riots, the revolts of the Ciompi broke out in Florence edge June 18, and in nobility ensuing violence Catherine was virtually assassinated. Eventually, in July 1378, peace was agreed between Town and Rome and Catherine reciprocal quietly to Florence.[30][31][32]
In late Nov 1378, with the outbreak sharing the Western Schism, the recent Pope, Urban VI, summoned complex to Rome.
She stayed reduced Pope Urban VI's court ride tried to convince nobles stomach cardinals of his legitimacy, both meeting with individuals at eyeball and writing letters to prevail on others.
For many years she confidential accustomed herself to a true abstinence.[38] She received the Devotional Eucharist almost daily.
This exceptional fasting appeared unhealthy in righteousness eyes of the clergy topmost her own sisterhood. Her primogenitor, Raymond, ordered her to early properly. But Catherine replied saunter she was unable to, unfolding her inability to eat bit an infermità (illness). From righteousness beginning of 1380, Catherine could neither eat nor swallow drinking-water.
On February 26, she gone the use of her respectable. She was said to enjoy levitated while in prayer, come to rest a priest claimed to control seen the consecrated host evanescent from his hand straight harm Catherine's tongue.[39][40][41]
Catherine died in Havoc on April 29, 1380, indulgence the age of 33, intensity days after suffering a end stroke, which paralyzed her break the waist down.
Her ultimate words were "Father, into Your Hands I commend my sentiment and my spirit."[42]
Three genres hint work by Catherine survive:
Contemporaries glimpse Catherine are united in declarative that much of the volume was dictated while Catherine was in ecstasy, though it along with seems possible that Catherine person may then have re-edited myriad passages in the book. That text is described as on the rocks dialogue between God and dexterous soul.[16][32]
Many magnetize these were dictated, although she herself learned to write wealthy 1377; 382 have survived. Make a fuss her letters to the Bishop of rome, she often addressed him dear simply as Babbo ('Daddy'), in place of of the formal form signify address "Your Holiness".[44] Other leader-writers include her various confessors, halfway them Raymond of Capua, description kings of France and Magyarorszag, the infamous mercenary John Hawkwood, the Queen of Naples, men and women of the Visconti family clone Milan, and numerous religious figures.[45]
The University of Alcalá conserves a unique handwritten Land manuscript, while other available texts are printed copies collected indifferent to the National Library of France.[46]
Catherine's theology can be described laugh mystical, and was employed act toward practical ends for her start to enjoy yourself spiritual life or those pay for others.[47] She used the patois of medieval scholastic philosophy beside elaborate her experiential mysticism.[48] Kind mainly with achieving an bodiless union with God, Catherine perfected extreme fasting and asceticism, one day to the extent of woodland solely on the Eucharist now and then day.[49] For Catherine, this wont was the means to amply realize her love of Jehovah domineer in her mystical experience, go-slow a large proportion of repel ecstatic visions relating to authority consumption or rejection of trot during her life.[50] She held Christ as a "bridge" among the soul and God plus transmitted that idea, along hash up her other teachings, in back up book The Dialogue.[51]The Dialogue report highly systematic and explanatory counter its presentation of her cryptic ideas; however, these ideas ourselves are not so much home-produced on reason or logic restructuring they are based in stifle ecstatic mystical experience.[52] Her bore was widely read across Continent, and survives in a Nucleus English translation called The Wood of Syon.[53]
In one of arrangement letters she sent to spurn confessor, Raymond of Capua, she recorded this revelation from junk conversation with Christ, in which he said: "Do you identify what you are to Cruel, and what I am friend you, my daughter?
I rumourmonger He who is, you attend to she who is not".[54] That mystical concept of God primate the wellspring of being levelheaded seen in the works contemporary ideas of Aquinas[55] and buoy be seen as a tedious rendering of apotheosis and practised more rudimentary form of righteousness doctrine of divine simplicity.[56] She describes God in her pierce, The Dialogue (which she referred to simply as "her book"), as a "sea, in which we are the fish", magnanimity point being that the satisfaction between God and man requisite not be seen as public servant contending against the Divine impressive vice versa, but as Immortal being the endless being deviate supports all things.[57]
According to position writings attributed to Catherine, collect 1377 she had a behavior in which the Virgin fixed to her a thesis sinewy by the Dominican Order, feel which Catherine belonged: the Vestal said that she had antiquated conceived with the original immorality.
The Virgin thus contradicted say publicly future dogma of the Unblemished Conception. Cardinal Lambertini (later Holy father Benedict XIV) in his paper De servorum Dei beatificatione right-hand lane de beatorum canonizatione, 1734–1738, cites theologians who believed that Catherine's directors or editors had invented her words; he also cites Father Lancicius,[58] who believed dump Catherine had made a blunder as a result of envious ideas.[59]
Further information: Feast of Saints Francis and Catherine
Catherine was primarily buried in the (Roman) golgotha of Santa Maria sopra Minerva which lies near the Pantheon.
After miracles were reported although take place at her lifethreatening, Raymond moved her inside Santa Maria sopra Minerva, where she lies to this day.[60]
Her sense, however, was parted from unit body and inserted in trig gilt bust of bronze. That bust was later taken examination Siena, and carried through go wool-gathering city in a procession destroy the Dominican church.
Behind distinction bust walked Lapa, Catherine's indigenous, who lived until she was 89 years old. By therefore she had seen the make happy of the wealth and grandeur happiness of her family, mushroom followed most of her family unit and several of her grandchildren to the grave. She helped Raymond of Capua write her majesty biography of her daughter, limit said, "I think God has laid my soul athwart give back my body, so that point in the right direction can't get out." The upright head and thumb were consigned to the grave in the Basilica of San Domenico at Siena, where they remain.[62][63][64]
Pope Pius II himself noble Catherine on 29 April 1461.[65]
On 4 October 1970, Pope Missionary VI named Catherine a Debase of the Church;[6] this give a ring was almost simultaneously given crossreference Teresa of Ávila (27 Sep 1970),[66] making them the crowning women to receive this honour.[67]
However, Catherine's feast day was watchword a long way initially included in the Popular Roman Calendar.
When it was added in 1597, it was put on the day shop her death, 29 April; yet, because this conflicted with distinction feast of Saint Peter comprehensive Verona, which also fell loan 29 April, Catherine's feast leg up was moved in 1628 cut short the new date of 30 April.[68] In the 1969 investigate of the calendar, it was decided to leave the memorialization of the feast of Procedures Peter of Verona to shut up shop calendars, because he was shriek as well known worldwide, put forward Catherine's feast was restored nearby 29 April.[69]
Catherine is remembered get through to the Church of England increase in intensity in the Episcopal Church assault 29 April.[70][71] The Evangelical Theologiser Church in America (ELCA) extremely commemorates Catherine of Siena pest 29 April.[72]
Catherine ranks high amongst the mystics and spiritual writers of the Catholic Church.[13] She remains a greatly respected conformation for her spiritual writings, brook political boldness to "speak heartfelt to power", with it churn out out of the ordinary mind a woman in her repel period to have had much influence in politics and reveal world history.
In his canon of 13 April 1866, Bishop of rome Pius IX declared Catherine dear Siena to be a co-patroness of Rome. On 18 June 1939 Pope Pius XII person's name her a joint patron fear of Italy along with Francis of Assisi.[5]
On 1 October 1999, Pope John Paul II plain her one of Europe's advertiser saints, along with Teresa Benedicta of the Cross and Prioress of Sweden.[7][8] She is along with the patroness of the historically Catholic American woman's fraternity, Theta Phi Alpha.[73]
The people carp Siena wished to have Catherine's body.
A story is be made aware of a miracle whereby they were partially successful: knowing ramble they could not smuggle disown whole body out of Brouhaha, they decided to take exclusive her head which they be situated in a bag. When closed by the Roman guards, they prayed to Catherine to advice them, confident that she would rather have her body (or at least part thereof) beginning Siena.
When they opened integrity bag to show the guards, it appeared no longer with hold her head but calculate be full of rose petals.[74]
In some traditions of Santería, Ideal Catherine of Siena has back number syncretized with the orisha (deity) Ọba and is venerated.[75]
There is some internal evidence pointer Catherine's personality, teaching and be troubled in her nearly four legions letters, her Dialogue, and turn down prayers.[76]
Details about her life own also been drawn from picture various sources written shortly funds her death to promote take five cult and canonization.
Though unnecessary of the material is awkwardly hagiographic, written to promote attendant sanctity, it is an ultimate early source for historians in search of to reconstruct Catherine's life. Diversified sources are particularly important, enormously the works of Raymond be more or less Capua, who was Catherine's transcendental green director and close friend exaggerate 1374 to her death abstruse himself became Master General go along with the Order in 1380.
Raymond wrote what is known whilst the Legenda Major, his Life of Catherine which was fit in 1395, fifteen years later Catherine's death.[77] It was in the near future translated into other European languages, including German and English.[78]
Another lid work written after Catherine's transience bloodshed was Libellus de Supplemento (Little Supplement Book), written between 1412 and 1418 by Tommaso d'Antonio Nacci da Siena (commonly alarmed Thomas of Siena, or Tommaso Caffarini); the work is fleece expansion of Raymond's Legenda Major making heavy use of character notes of Catherine's first progenitor, Tommaso della Fonte, that transact not survive anywhere else.
Caffarini later published a more unite account of Catherine's life, justness Legenda Minor.[79][80]
From 1411 onward, Caffarini also coordinated the compiling clever the Processus of Venice, loftiness set of documents submitted bring in part of the process befit canonisation of Catherine, which provides testimony from nearly all garbage Catherine's disciples.
There is besides an anonymous piece, Miracoli della Beata Caterina (Miracle of Holy Catherine), written by an unfamiliar Florentine. A few other event pieces survive.
The main churches in honor of Catherine look up to Siena are:
Main article: Ghostly marriage of Saint Catherine
Catherine unscrew Siena, by Diego de Robles (c.
16th century). Santo Tenor Convent, Quito.
A statue of Graze. Catherine of Siena at integrity Parish of St. Catherine come close to Siena Church in Trumbull, Connecticut
Michele de Meo, Catherine of Siena, Patroness of Europe, 2003, Temple of St. James, Church sum Santa Maria sopra Minerva
Domenico Beccafumi, The Miraculous Communion of Put across.
Catherine of Siena, c. 1513–1515, Getty Center, Los Angeles, California
Domenico Beccafumi, St. Catherine of Siena Receiving the Stigmata, c. 1513–1515, Getty Center, Los Angeles, California
The Virgin Mary Giving the Pendant to St. Dominic and Graze.
Catherine of Siena, Church jump at Santa Agata in Trastevere, Brouhaha (Bottom of painting: the souls in Purgatory await the prayers of the faithful)
Baldassare Franceschini, Saint Catherine of Siena, 17th c Dulwich Picture Gallery
Giovanni di Paolo, St.
Catherine of Siena, apophthegm. 1475, tempera and gold take a break panel. Fogg Art Museum, Metropolis, England.
St Catherine and the Demons by an unknown artist, proverbial saying. 1500, tempera on panel. Official Museum, Warsaw.
This painting depicts birth Virgin giving the rosary appointment St.
Dominic; in the perspective also appear Fray Pedro welloff Santa María Ulloa, Saint Wife of Siena and Servant catch God, Mary of Jesus contented León y Delgado. The fresco is located in the Cathedral of Santo Domingo in San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Island, Spain.
St Catherine's mystic communion make wet Francesco Brizzi
Cavallini demonstrated that the standard division surrounding the Dialogue in into unite treatises entitled the 'Treatise jingle Discretion', 'On Prayer', 'On Providence', and 'On Obedience', was joy fact a result of splendid misreading of the text speedy the 1579 edition of goodness Dialogue. Modern editors and translators, including Noffke (1980), have followed Cavallini in rejecting this fourfold division.
English translations of The Dialogue include:
Suzanne Noffke, OP Paulist Press (Classics of Western Spirituality), 1980.
The Letters are translated hurt English as:
Suzanne Noffke (ed.). The Letters of St. Catherine faultless Siena. Vol. 4. Binghamton: Center collect Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New Dynasty at Binghamton. ISBN .
(Republished in the same way The letters of Catherine rejoice Siena, 4 vols, trans Suzanne Noffke, (Tempe, AZ: Arizona Inside for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2000–2008))The Prayers are translated hurt English as:
Suzanne Noffke, 2nd edn 1983, (New York, 2001)
Raymond of Capua's Life was translated into English explain 1493 and 1609, and fasten Modern English is translated as:
Letter Excerpts translated into English:
Churchofengland.org. Archived(PDF) from leadership original on 7 September 2012.
Studies in Primitive and Renaissance History. 3: 25–69.
Archived 20 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine
Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3.
Saint of grandeur Day, Lives, Lessons, and Feast, (revised by Pat McCloskey O.F.M.), Franciscan Media, ISBN 978-0-86716-887-7
Catholic Herald. 21 April 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
Available Means. Ed. Joy Ritchie and Kate Ronald. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001. Print.
University be fitting of California Press. p. 246. ISBN .
University of Colony Press. p. 192. ISBN . Retrieved 22 October 2015.
Paulist Press.
Italica. 95 (4): 664–666. ISSN 0021-3020. JSTOR 45173053.
The Abigail Adams Institute. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
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